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Germany 1919-63 > A > Flashcards

A Flashcards

1
Q

How much did Germany spend in WW1?

A

$39 billion

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2
Q

What were the social consequences of WW1?

A

16% of conscripted died, widespread starvation

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3
Q

What was the biggest reason for Germany’s loss?

A

failure to achieve a quick victory (Schlieffen)

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4
Q

Who was involved in the revolution from above?

A

Ludendorff (stab in the back), Kaiser Wilhelm (abdicated)

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5
Q

What was a key event in the revolution from below?

A

sailors mutiny in Kiell

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6
Q

What were the terms of the Ebert-Groener pact?

A

gov protected by the army

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7
Q

What was a disadvantage of the Coalition gov?

A

hard to make decisions, indecisive and unstable gov

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8
Q

What are the key points of the constitution?

A

president every 7 years, Bill of Rights, proportional representation, Article 48

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9
Q

What was the reason for the Spartacist revolt?

A

plunge in living standards and ongoing economic crisis. as well as congress voted to reject gov based on workers council

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10
Q

What did the Spartacist revolt achieve?

A

uprising of young workers - disrupted industry, took over news paper

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11
Q

What happened to the leaders of the Spartacist revolt?

A

both Luxembourg and Liebknect murdered

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12
Q

By who and why was the Spartacist revolt suppressed harshly?

A

Freikorps (paramilitary group) and due to the perceived threat of communism due to strikes and rise of it in Central Europe

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13
Q

What were the consequences of the Spartacist revolt?

A

Munich = pushed to the extreme right, caused a divide in left-wing politics, view of left as ‘Socialist Fascists’

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14
Q

How did Hindenburg change his public views on the TOV and Weimar Republic?

A

he first said he wanted to end the war to save german lives, then a year later blamed the loss on the army being ‘stabbed in the back’

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15
Q

What were the main economic losses of the TOV?

A

132 000 million gold marks had to be paid as reparations.

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16
Q

What were the main territorial losses of the TOV?

A

Polish corridor, Alsace-Lorraine back to France, Rhineland demilitarised

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17
Q

What were the main national losses of the TOV?

A

war guilt of article 231, disarmament

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18
Q

What was the reason for the Kapp Putsch?

A

reduction of the army in the TOV, ‘stab in the back’ - idea of betrayal by civilians, Freikorps ordered to disband

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19
Q

What did the Kapp Putsch achieve?

A

Kapp declared as chancellor

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20
Q

What were the consequences of the Kapp Putsch?

A

workers strike to end Kapp’s gov, showcased lack of support of the army for the gov, workers in Ruhr formed ‘Red Army’

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21
Q

Compare the threats from the left and right.

A

Left = unorganised, could assert dominance through worker strikes

Right = more support (more demographics), judiciary support (1 in 705 Kapp Putsch punished), military support

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22
Q

What happened at the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

French and Belgium troops invaded due to Germany’s failure to pay reparations. Government-ordered passive resistance.

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23
Q

What were the long-term causes of hyperinflation?

A

Expenditure in war, low income from taxes

24
Q

What were the medium-term causes of hyperinflation?

A

loss of confidence in currency, TOV

25
Q

What were the short-term causes of hyperinflation?

A

occupation of the Ruhr, gov printing money for strikers

26
Q

Who were the winners of hyperinflation?

A

people with debt, owners of foreign currencies, Stinnes

27
Q

Who were the losers of hyperinflation?

A

people with savings, workers, civil servants

28
Q

What were the social consequences of hyperinflation?

A

decline in health conditions, difficult livelihood, Weimar started to become associated with economic distress and instability

29
Q

What were the main points in the 25-point programme?

A

ultra-nationalism, authorianism, socialism for Germans

30
Q

Why did the Munich Putsch fail?

A

lack of planning, overestimated support, underestimated strength of the army

31
Q

Why could it be argued that the Munich Putsch didn’t fail completely?

A

good source of propaganda and infamy

32
Q

What were the events of the Munich Putsch?

A

SA burst into beer hall meeting, Kahr and Lossow swore loyalty under gun point.
armed nazis + public support march to Bavarian military base -> Ebert declares state of emergency.
army overpowers Nazis in shooting match

33
Q

What was the good thing about cultural development during the Weimar Republic?

A

development of expressionism, artistic freedom,

34
Q

What was the bad thing about cultural development during the Weimar Republic?

A

cultural conservationism, politicised art undermined Weimar gov

35
Q

Why can we say there was political stability during the Weimar Republic?

A

anti-WR parties lost support, no attempted coups of uprisings

36
Q

Why can we say there wasn’t political stability during the Weimar Republic?

A

no compromises between parties - impossible to hold gov together for 2+ years

37
Q

What were the educational and religious establishments like during the Weimar Republic?

A

predominantly conservative, tended to undermine WR

38
Q

What was it like for women during the Weimar Republic?

A

although had rights, remained in low occupations, work only until marriage, voted against progressives (de facto equality)

39
Q

What were the features of the Welfare state like during the Weimar Republic?

A

unemployment insurance, 33x more spending on public housing in 1929 than in 1913, however threat to Stinnes-Legien pact (Ruhr lockout of 1928)

40
Q

Reasons why economic recovery was effective.

A

+3% increase in wages, lower unemployment

41
Q

Reasons why economic recovery was ineffective.

A

deepened divide between rich and poor, workers’ wages didn’t go above rising cost of living, dependence on US

42
Q

What were Stresseman’s economic policies?

A

Daws Plan (£25 bill loan from US), Rentenmark (based on gold reserves)

43
Q

What were Stresseman’s foreign policies?

A

Locarno pact (strengthened borders), League of Nations (gave Germany status), Treaty of Berlin (good relations w USSR therefore pressure on West)

44
Q

How could Stresseman’s policies be seen as unsuccessful?

A

continued legitimacy of ‘stab in the back’, made Germany dependant on other countries instead of fighting back -> ‘dancing on a volcano’

45
Q

Consequences of the Great Depression?

A

rise of unemployment from 1.8 to 3.1, gov raised taxes, Germany was generally more affected than other countries, 20000 businesses collapsed

46
Q

What were the political consequences of the Great Depression?

A

shift from a parliamentary to a presidential government (A48 x 66), rise of extreme parties

47
Q

What were the reasons people voted for the Nazis?

A

resentment for TOV, wanting to make ‘Germany great again’, the promise of business prosperity and ‘bread and work’, targeted propaganda -> ‘catch-all party’

48
Q

What was Papen’s Prussian coup?

A

democratic -> authoritarian gov in Prussia (ruled by decree), mortal blow to Weimar gov and the left

49
Q

What was Bruning’s role in the Great Depression?

A

let it get bad on purpose, in hope of lessening of reparations

50
Q

How did the NSDAP reorganise the party?

A

Gauliters - state wide control, organisations for women, children, workers, Nazi Welfare organisation

51
Q

What happened after the Bamberg conference?

A

interpretation of 25pp became more flexible, Hitler could adapt any policy he liked - defeat of Socialist aspects

52
Q

What was the role of the SA in the rise of the Nazis?

A

intimidation, ‘propaganda by deed’,

53
Q

What was the role of propaganda in the rise of the Nazis?

A

tailored to appeal to a wide range of demographics, use of latest tech, local propaganda (key individuals in local community influenced others)

54
Q

How did the elite feel about Hitler initially? What changed their mind?

A

because they were wary about his radicalism and vulgar nature -> changed due to running out of options due to rise of communism

55
Q

What was the backstairs intrigue?

A

Hitler had majority vote (34%), Papen made a deal with him to form a coalition to get revenge on Schleicher. proposes the idea to make Hitler chancellor and him vice-chancellor to Hindenburg. Hitler becomes chancellor on 30th Jan 1933.

Germany 1919-63 (4 decks)

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