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M&C 1B > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the interior of the cell composed of?

A

Cytoskeleton, Cytosol. and organelles

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2
Q

What are the filler structures of the cell?

A

Cytoskeleton and Cytososl
Do not contain essential biological molecules
function is structural

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of the cell

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

provides 50% of the cell volume; site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

How many types of actin are there and what is the size of 1 filaments?

A

6 types and 6nm

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6
Q

How many types of Microtubules are there and what is the size of 1 filament?

A

12 type and 23 nm

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7
Q

How many types of Intermediate filaments are there and what is the size of one filament?

A

31 types and 10nm

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8
Q

Which filaments are like cables?

A

microfilaments and intermediate filaments

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9
Q

Which filaments acts like a cellular support beam?

A

Microtubules

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10
Q

What is the most abund. cytoskeletal element in eukaryotes?

A

Actin

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11
Q

what is the main component of Microfilaments?

A

Actin
It is double stranded because the molecules work together
Form a double helix

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12
Q

Where is actin found?

A

Near the cell membrane

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13
Q

Describe actin

A

It is a linear polymer of actin subunits

generates force by elongation and shortening of opposing ends

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14
Q

Actin is a tract for movement of which motor protein?

A

Myosin

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15
Q

What controls Actin?

A

The Rho family of small GTP binding proteins that are ATP dependent

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16
Q

What are the components of Rho family?

A

Rho - contractile acto-myosin filament
Rac- lamellipodia
CdC42 - filopodia

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17
Q

Microvilli are made of?

A

F-Actin

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18
Q

Which two elements stabilize anchoring and cross linking of F-actin?

A

Villin and Fimbrin

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19
Q

Which two elements anchor the F-actin to the cell membrane?

A

Myosin I and Calmodulin

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20
Q

What type of subunits make up microtubules?

A

tubulin -> alpha and beta -> bind together to form a protofilament
13 protofilaments make up a microtubule
bind GTP for polymerization

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21
Q

which cytoskeletal element resist compression?

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

Describe microtubules

A 
long, hollow. and cylindrical 
Work separately to provide tracks on which organelles can travel from center of the cell outward  
More rigid than actin 
unstable/continuous growth and decay 
Minus end - nucleus 
Plus end - cell membrane
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23
Q

Microtubules organize around?

A

Centrosome - which is at the center near the nucleus

one end of the microtubule is embedded in the centrosome and the microtubule grows out from there

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24
Q

What are the key roles of microtubules?

A

Intracellular transport (w/ dyneins and kinesins) of orgganelles such as mitochondria and vesicle s
The axoneme
the mitotic spindle
synthesis of cell wall in plants

25
Q

What are the molecules that bind microtubules?

A

Colchicine
Tau (abnormal in Alzheimer’s)
Dynein (moves toward minus end, center)
Kinesin (moves towards plus end, cell membrane)

26
Q

What is the function of colchicine?

A

depresses MT assembly

Use to treat Gout - inhibits mitosis in neutrophils by inhibiting the mitotic spindle

27
Q

During cell division chromosomes attach to which part of the chromosome?

A

Kinetichore

28
Q

What are the two type of microtubule structurres?

A

9 triplet (star shaped) and the 9 doublet + 2 ( wheel shaped)

29
Q

What is an example of the nine triplet?

A

Centrioles and basal body

30
Q

What is an example of the 9 doublet +2?

A

Cilia and Flagella

31
Q

What is another name for the 9+2 arrangement?

A

axoneme

32
Q

Which protein connects the subunits (tubulin) together?

A

Dynein

33
Q

Which protein connects the doublets to one another?

A

Nexin

34
Q

Abnormal Ciliary Dynein causes?

A

Kartagener’s Syndrome

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Kartagener’s Syndrome?

A

Motor deficit

Respiratory System Abnormalities -> Situs Inversus

36
Q

What is situs Inversus?

A

When organs are switched to the opposite side of the body (thoracic and abdominal)
Ciliary movement aids in organogenesis in the early embryo

37
Q

What is the cause of Bardet-Biedi Syndrome?

A 
Disruption of the sensory function of cilia "genetic disorder" 
CNS malfunction (retinopathy, learning disability)
38
Q

Characteristics of Sensory Cilia

A

Primary - Nuerons, Chondrocytes, Kidney Epithelium

39
Q

Receptors for neurotransmitters and many other molecules are localized where?

A

To cilia

40
Q

How many cilium do CNS neurons commonly have?

A

One

41
Q

What are characteristics of intermediate filaments?

A

rope like and fibrous
two anti-parallel helices/dimers forming tetramers
Extend through cytosol (like a 3-D structure)
more stabel
heterogenous constituent
anchors organelles

42
Q

Which cytoskeletal element help resist stress and increase cellular stability?

A

Intermediate filaments

43
Q

Which cytoskeleton element helps maintain cell shape by bearing tension?

A

Intermediate filaments

44
Q

What is the structural element of nuclear lamina and sarcomeres?

A

Intermediate Filaments

45
Q

What are examples of intermediate elements?

A

Vimentin (mesenchymal-connective tissue)
Glial Fibrilary acid protein ( glial cells-astrocytes)
Neurofilament proteins (neuronal processes)
Desmin (muscle)
Keratin (epithelium)
Nuclear lamins (interconnect nuclear pores)

46
Q

Which intermediate element is inserted into desmosomes and involved in cell to cell adhesions and cell to matrix adhesions.

A

Keratin

47
Q

What is Myosin?

A

A motor protein that is ATP dependent

actin-based motility

48
Q

What are the actions of Myosin?

A

Actin binding
ATP hydrolysis
Force transduction

49
Q

T/F All Prokaryotic cells contain myosin isoforms

A

False. It is eukaryotes

some isoforms have specialized functions in certain cell types while other isoforms are ubiquitous

50
Q

What are the three molecular domains of Myosin?

A

Head, Neck, and body

51
Q

What is the function of the Myosin Head?

A

bind actin

use ATP hydrolysis to generate force and walk along filament toward the positive end

52
Q

What is the function of the Myosin neck?

A

it is the linker
lever arm for transducing the force generated by the catalytic motor domain
contains the binding site for myosin light chains (distinct protein that form part of macromolecular complex and have regulatory functions)

53
Q

What is the function of the Myosin tail?

A

mediates interaction w/ cargo molecules and/or other myosin subunits
Sometimes regulates motor activity

54
Q

Which form of Myosin moves towards the negative instead of the positive end?

A

Mysoin VI (6)

55
Q

Myosin I is involved in?

A

Vesicular transport (monomer- 1 tail)

56
Q

Myosin II is involved in?

A

Muscle contraction (dimer - 2 tails wrapped and bound to Cap2 by Titin)

57
Q

In the sarcomere where is the head and tail located?

A

Tail - M line

Head - I band

58
Q

What does cell movement involve?

A

Myosin + actin
Focal contact made of integrin proteins
Movement of actin and loosening of focal contact permits cell movement

M&C 1B (7 decks)

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