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Cytoplasmic Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs to Synthesized Proteins?

A
  1. Undergo exocytosis from secretory vesicles
  2. Stored in lysosomes
  3. Attach to membranes of ER, Golgi, or cell membrane
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2
Q

What are Polyribosomes?

A
  1. Aggregates of ribosomes attached to single mRNA
    * Synthesis of multiple copies of the same protein
  2. Polysomes
  • Synthesize intracellular and cytosolic proteins
  • LM- seen as basophilic patches
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3
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  1. Function
  • Protein synthesis
  • Insertion of membrane proteins
  • Sequestration of Calcium ions (muscle contraction)
  • Production of steroids
  • Storage and production of glycogen
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4
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  1. Also called ERGASTOPLASM
  2. Seen
    * With Electron Microscrope ONLY
  3. Bears the ribosomes during protein synthesis
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5
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  1. Seen
    * With an Electron Microscope
  2. Lack ribosomes
    * Not Basophilic
  3. Contains
  • Enzymes
    • Synthesize Lipids, Steroids, and Carbohydrates
  1. Skeletal Muscles
  • Called Sacroplasmic reticulum
    • Control the release of Ca2+
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6
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Cisternae stack: Four functional regions
  • Cis-Golgi
  • Medial-Golgi
  • Endo-Golgi
  • Trans-Golgi
    • Front end (cis) faces ER
    • Back end (trans) faces cell membrane
  1. Function
  • Macromolecule modifications
    • Glycosylation of proteins and lipids
    • Phosphorylation of proteins
    • Production of glycosaminoglycans
    • Assembly of proteoglycans
  • Proteolysis of peptides into active forms
  • Collection, packaging and distribution of molecules
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7
Q

What 3 Primary Lysosomes?

A
  1. Phagosome
    * Vesicle formed around a particle absorbed by PHAGOCYTOSIS
  2. Endosome
  • Vesicle formed by or fused with vesicles that shed their Clathrin
  • Ligands are separated from their receptors
  1. Autophagosome
  • Vesicle formed from membrane of sER
  • Digested products are reused in the cytoplasm

*Produced by rER and Golgi

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8
Q

What are 2 Secondary Lysosomes?

A
  1. Residual bodies
  • Vesicles containing indigestible material
    • Pigments
    • Crystals
  • Secreated as waste by exocytosis
  • Becomes Lipofuscin granules
  1. Lipofuscin granule
  • Reflect cellular agining
  • In nerves and muscles
  • Appear
    • Yellow-brown in Light Microscope
    • Electron-dense particles in Electron Microscope
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9
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A
  1. Contain
  • Acid Hydrolases
    • Degrades Nucleotides, Proteins, and Lipids
  • Hydrogen Ion ATPase
    • Acidifiy the Inner environment
  1. Remove carbohydrates, sulfate, or phosphate groups
  2. Abundant in Phagocytic cells
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10
Q

What is Pompe’s Disease?

A
  1. Lysosomal Storage Disease
  2. Acid Maltase Deficiency
  • Acculation of Lysosomal Glycogen
    • In cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles
  • Muscle Weakness
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11
Q

What is Tay-Sachs Disease?

A
  1. Lysosomal Storage Disease
  2. Hexosaminidase-A Deficiency
  • Failure of degradation of Sphingolipids
  • Accumulation of lipids
  • Severe neuronal degradation
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12
Q

What are Peroxisomes?

A
  1. Self-replicating
  2. Lack Nucleic acids
  3. Synthesized on polysomes in the cytosol
  4. Functions
  • Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
  • Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase
  • Participates in cholesterol, bile acids in liver, lipids for myelin synthesis
  • Breakdown of excess purines to uric acid
  1. Defect
  • Demyelinating Disease
    • ADRENOLEUKODISTROPHY
      • Defective integral membrane protein for beta oxidation
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13
Q

What is a Mitochondria?

A
  1. Prokaryote engulfed by another prokaryotes
  2. Contain its own DNA
  3. Visible on Light Microscope
    * EM: Appear rod-shaped organelles/round
  4. Don’t belong to membrane system of cells
  5. Greater number seen in active cells
    * 2 to 12 molecules per mitochondria
  6. Self-replicating
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14
Q

What are Similiarities between Cilia and Flagella?

A
  1. Both have same internal structures
  2. Made up of Microtubules
  3. Core
    * Microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern connected by NEXIN
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15
Q

What is Flagellum?

A
  1. One or two arms attached to cell surface
  2. Longer length
  3. Movement
    * Turning corkscrew
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16
Q

What is Cilia?

A
  1. Lot of arms attached to cell surface
  2. Shorter length
  3. Movement
    * Whiplike action
17
Q

What are Inclusions?

A
  1. Nonliving
  2. Vesicles that have pigments
    * Formed from metabolic products (pigments)
  3. Ex:
  • Glycogen granules
  • Lipid droplets
  • Pigment granules
  • Crystals

Histology (11 decks)

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