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Human Anatomy > Cytology and Histology > Flashcards

Cytology and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

study of the cell

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2
Q

What cell can be seen with the human eye?

A

human egg cell

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3
Q

Common Structural and Functional Features of the Cell

A

organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm (fluid inside cell)

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4
Q

Zygote

A

formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg to make one cell with complete set of genetic material

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5
Q

Cells…

A

structural building blocks of all life, produced by the division of preexisting cells, form all the structures in the body cells, perform all vital functions of the body

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6
Q

Cells perform all the functions of living things

A

grow, develop, reproduce, take in energy and use, produce waste, respond to stimulus, maintain constant internal conditions, move, communicate

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7
Q

Sex Cells

A

sperm and oocytes

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8
Q

How much genetic material do sperm/oocytes contain?

A

half

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9
Q

Somatic Cells

A

all the other cells in the body that are not sex cells

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10
Q

3 Main Parts of the Cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

outer layer of the cell made by phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything inside the membrane

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13
Q

Cytoplasm includes…

A

cytosol and organelles

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14
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid inside of the cell

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15
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures which help carry out function in cell

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16
Q

Organelles float in the

A

cytosol

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17
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, microvilli, ribosomes

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18
Q

Membranous organelles

A

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

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19
Q

Semipermeable

A

allows certain materials to travel through the cell

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20
Q

Extracellular

A

outside of the phospholipid

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21
Q

Intracellular

A

inside of the phospholipid

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22
Q

4 components of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

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23
Q

Purpose of proteins in cell membrane

A

provide structure, form channels, act as receptor sites

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24
Q

Leak channel/pore

A

lets different compounds leak through

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25
Q

Gated channel

A

lets certain compounds go through

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26
Q

Cholesterol

A

stabilizes cell membrane and fluidity

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27
Q

Carbohydrates

A

helps other cells identify the cell (found on the outside of the cell)

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28
Q

Membrane Transport types

A

passive and active processes

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29
Q

Passive Process

A

moving from high concentration to low

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30
Q

Active Processes

A

moving from low to high concentration; requires work

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31
Q

Types of passive processes

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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32
Q

Types of active processes

A

pump, bulk transport

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33
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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34
Q

Osmosis

A

water traveling across a membrane

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35
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

molecules that are too large or too much of a charge so they use protein to go across

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36
Q

Facilitated diffusion proteins

A

protein channel or carrier protein

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37
Q

Pump transport

A

proteins that can move specific substances across membrane

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38
Q

Most common pump transport

A

sodium potassium exchange pump

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39
Q

Sodium potassium exchange pump products

A

pushed out 3 sodium ions per ATP and pulls in 2 potassium ions

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40
Q

Bulk transport

A

uses special membrane bubbles (vesicles) to transport large particles into/out of cell

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41
Q

Types of bulk transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

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42
Q

Endocytosis

A

bring into the cell

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43
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis

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44
Q

Phagocytosis

A

membrane envelops cell (cell eating)

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45
Q

Pinocytosis

A

vesicle that forms at plasma membrane bringing fluid into cell (fluid drinking)

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46
Q

Exocytosis

A

waste is removed in vesicles out the cell

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47
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

proteins that give the cell structure

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48
Q

Cytoskeleton helps…

A

shape, support and move things around in the cell

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49
Q

Cytoskeleton is organized into

A

filaments and tubules

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50
Q

3 different types of filaments/tubules

A

microtubule, microfilaments, intermediate filament

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51
Q

Microtubule

A

maintain the structure of cell, helps with cellular division, moves/anchors organelles, make up cilia and flagella

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52
Q

Microfilament

A

causes shape of cell to change

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53
Q

Intermediate filament

A

give structure to cell: stabilize organelle position, provide strength

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54
Q

Cell extensions

A

cilia, flagella, microvilli

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55
Q

cilia provides… (bacteria)

A

movement

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56
Q

cilia provides… (human cells)

A

move things along outer surface

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57
Q

cilia physical appearance

A

numerous and short

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58
Q

where is cilia found?

A

uterus and respiratory tract

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59
Q

flagella

A

grouping of microtubules that help to move the cell or move things over the surface of the cell

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60
Q

only human cell with flagella

A

sperm cell; one long extension which helps cell swim

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61
Q

flagella physical appearance

A

few and long appendage

62
Q

Microvilli

A

microextension of the cell produced by the plasma membrane

63
Q

purpose of microvilli

A

increases surface area; allows increased levels of absorption from outside the cell

64
Q

where is microvilli found?

A

found in high absorption areas: small intestine

65
Q

ribosome

A

where protein synthesis occurs

66
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

cytoplasm and rough ER

67
Q

free ribosome

A

found open in cytoplasm

68
Q

free ribosomes make proteins used for…

A

the inside of the cell

69
Q

fixed ribosomes

A

attached to ER

70
Q

fixed ribosomes make proteins that…

A

cell needs and exported from the cell for work elsewhere in the body

71
Q

ribosomes are composed of

A

rRNA and proteins

72
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces ATP

73
Q

compartments of the mitochondria

A

2 compartments: inner and outer

74
Q

positives of 2 compartments in mitochondria

A

provides the ability to have 2 different chemical reactions

75
Q

what does the mitochondria burn to release energy?

A

hydrocarbons (glucose)

76
Q

Cells which perform more work have…

A

more mitochondria (arms, legs, heart muscles)

77
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cells which contains DNA

78
Q

DNA

A

genetic material of the cell

79
Q

largest organelle of the cell

80
Q

nucleus is surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope

81
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double layered membrane

82
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in membrane which allows RNA through

83
Q

DNA floating in the nucleus is transcribed into

A

RNA and travels out to ribosomes

84
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm where products are synthesized or stored

85
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, and plays role in detoxification

86
Q

detoxification

A

removes harmful substances from the cell

87
Q

rough ER

A

synthesizes proteins; where fixed ribosomes are

88
Q

proteins are made of

A

amino acids strung together

89
Q

golgi apparatus

A

responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles for use outside of cell, repairs/renews/modifies plasma membrane

90
Q

Lysosome and peroxisomes

A

small vesicles that contain digestive enzymes; responsible for absorbing nutrients (good at digesting fatty acids)

91
Q

lysosomes

A

break down excess or worn down organelles using enzymes contained in them, destroy invading pathogens

92
Q

lysosome enzymes work in

A

oxygen poor and low pH/acidic environment

93
Q

peroxisomes hold onto enzymes which require

94
Q

peroxisomes

A

digestive enzymes surrounded my membrane

95
Q

lysosomes/peroxisomes can form

A

solids cores; high density of enzyme

96
Q

solid core in peroxisome

A

crystalloid core

97
Q

enzymes

A

proteins which cause a reaction to occur

98
Q

3 main forms of cell attachment

A

tight junction, desmosomes, gap junction

99
Q

tight junction (impermeable junctions)

A

prevents leaking between cells and waterproof; prevents molecules from passing through intercellular space using interlocking junctional proteins

100
Q

desmosomes (strong anchoring junctions)

A

bind adjacent cells to help form an internal tension reducing network of fibers

101
Q

desmosomes structure

A

proteins extend into the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and interlock into intracellular space between the two membranes

102
Q

gap junctions (communication junctions)

A

allow for ions and small molecules to pass through allowing intracellular communication

103
Q

gap junction communication

A

Particles that pass through relay a chemical message from one cell to another cell; allows heart cells to beat at the same time

104
Q

gap junction are made of proteins that form

A

channels between membranes

105
Q

desmosomes help reinforce

A

tight junctions and gap junctions; always found with desmosomes

106
Q

which junction can be found alone?

A

desmosomes

107
Q

simple squamous ET purpose

A

protection and allows diffusion

108
Q

simple squamous ET found in

A

lungs, kidney

109
Q

stratified squamous ET purpose

A

protection (physical, chemical, infection)

110
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics

A
  1. cellularity 2. polarity 3. attachment 4. regeneration 5. avascular
111
Q

basement membrane

A

network of glycoproteins and protein providing attachment site (apical and basal surface)

112
Q

exocrine glands

A

release secretion directly onto body’s external or internal surfaces

113
Q

3 classifications of exocrine glands

A

merocrine gland, apocrine gland, holocrine glands

114
Q

most common exocrine gland

A

merocrine gland

115
Q

merocrine gland

A

secrete product through exocytosis; released in duct

116
Q

what kind of glands are included in merocrine gland?

A

sweat, salivary, gastric glands

117
Q

apocrine gland

A

release secretion by pinching off the entire top of the cell

118
Q

what kind of glands are included in apocrine gland?

A

mammary glands, ceruminous (ear wax glands)

119
Q

holocrine gland

A

entire cell ruptures and dies which releases the product into the duct; cell replacement undergoes

120
Q

what kind of glands are included in holocrine gland?

A

sebaceous oil glands

121
Q

connective tissue characteristics

A
  1. no cellularity 2. no polarity 3. no attachment 4. slow regeneration 5. vascular
122
Q

matrix

A

ground substance; everything outside the cell

123
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells that live within cartilage; responsible for secreting polysaccharides

124
Q

chondroitin sulfates

A

polysaccharides that form semi-solid gel with matrix proteins to make gel of proteoglycans

125
Q

lacuna(e)

A

space created in supportive CT (cartilages)

126
Q

proteoglycans

A

mix of proteins and carbohydrates

127
Q

weakest supportive CT

A

hyaline cartilage CT (does not have anchoring fibers)

128
Q

cells present in hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocytes, collagen fibers

129
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

flexible support/protection, reduce friciton

130
Q

hyaline cartilage location

A

long bonds, ribs, nose, respiratory tract, embryonic skeleton

131
Q

strongest cartilage

A

fibrocartilage CT

132
Q

fibrocartilage CT

A

limit bone to bone contact and limits joint motions (spine vertebrae, meniscus of knee)

133
Q

most flexible CT

A

elastic cartilage CT

134
Q

elastic cartilage CT

A

support, maintain shape (flexibility)

135
Q

elastic cartilage CT location

A

pinna of ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes, tip of nose

136
Q

bone CT

A

site of active blood cell formation, mineral/energy storage, levels for body movement, supportive framework

137
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

minerals which make up hardened bone matrix

138
Q

what do minerals in hydroxyapatite allow for?

A

resistance to compression and provides hardness

139
Q

what do the minerals form?

A

calcium crystals

140
Q

cells present in bone CT

A

osteocyte, osteoblast, osteogenic cell, osteoclast

141
Q

bone cell maturation

A

osteogenic cells can mature into osteoblasts which can mature into osteocytes

142
Q

osteogenic cell

A

stem cells that can develop into active bone cells (osteoblasts)

143
Q

where are osteogenic cells present?

A

outside of bone, along the outside surface, along inner surface

144
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cells which maintain bone tissue

145
Q

spongey v compact bone

A

compact bone: dense and solid
spongy bone: open

146
Q

ectoderm (outer layer)

A

forms exterior surfaces (eg. epidermal cells of skin, epidermal derivatives: hair/nails/glands, neural components: neurons/brain/spinal cord/nerves, neural crest cells)

147
Q

mesoderm (middle layer)

A

develops into the internal epithelial structures (eg. lining of body cavities, lining of kidney tubules, notochord, bone tissue, tubule cell of the kidney, red blood cells, facial muscle)

148
Q

endoderm (internal layer)

A

glandular derivatives of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, endocrine systems; form functional part of glandular part of organs

149
Q

CT proper made of

A

cells, ground substance, protein fibers

150
Q

CT proper tissue

A

elastic and collagen

151
Q

dense irregular v regular

A

regular movement is linear, irregular movement is bilateral

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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