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cytology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what did robet hooke do in 1665

A

he looked at a cork under a microscope and called the chambers he saw cells

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2
Q

what did anton van leeuwenhoek do

A

he was the inventor of the microscope and studied living organisms in pond water and called them animalcules

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3
Q

what did schlieden and schwann do

A

were german scientists who formed the basis of the cell theory of biology

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4
Q

what is the cell theory of biology

A
  • all organisms are made from cells
  • spontaneous generation of cells does not exist
  • in vitro- outside the organism or cell
  • in vivo- inside the organism or cell
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5
Q

what does protoplasm refer to

A

refers to the living part of the cell

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6
Q

are cell walls found in animal cells?

A

no

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

protects cell wall from mechanical injury and supports and strengthens the cell

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8
Q

what is the space between cells called

A

intercellular airspace

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9
Q

what is the plasmalemma

A

the membrane outside the cell

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10
Q

what is the plasmalemma formed from

A

a phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol molecules as well as globular protein molecules

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11
Q

where is the dna contained in

A

the cells nucleus

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12
Q

what are chromosomes

A

are made up of dna coiled around protein molecules called histones

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13
Q

usually chromosomes appear as disorganized material called___

A

chromatin

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14
Q

what are the 2 functions of the cell nucleus

A
  1. organizes which type of proteins are produced and when they are produced
  2. stores genetic information on the chromosomes
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15
Q

what are the actin filaments in the cytoskeleton responsible for

A

contraction

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16
Q

what are the microtubules in the cytoskeleton for

A

for structural strength

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17
Q

what are the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. maintains the shape of the cell
  2. anchors the organelles
  3. let’s substances move in the cytoplasm
  4. can change the shape of the cell
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18
Q

where are chloroplasts located

A

in the cytoplasmic ground substance

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19
Q

what do chloroplasts contain

A

chlorophyll and carotenoids

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20
Q

the ____ in a chloroplast contains___ responsible for producing glucose

A

stroma, enzymes

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21
Q

what are thylakoids

A

are flat interconnected disk like sacs where the light phase of photosynthesis takes place

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22
Q

what are ingergranal lamellae

A

are long membrane bound tubes

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23
Q

what is the equation of photosynthesis

A

6co2 + 6h2o —-> 6c h12 o6 + 6o2

24
Q

what are leucoplasts

A

are colourles found in the storage organs of plants

25
Q

where are chromoplasts found

A

in the cytoplasmic matrix

26
Q

in flowers, chromoplasts attract ___

A

pollinators

27
Q

in fruit, chromoplasts attract____

A

animals

28
Q

what is the powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondrion

29
Q

the outer membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth or folded?

A

smooth

30
Q

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth or folded?

A

folded

31
Q

what are cristae

A

they posses lollipop particles where energy is produced and stored as atp

32
Q

what is the equation for respiration

A

c6 h12 06 +6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2ol

33
Q

what is the er

A

a network of membranes running through the cytoplasm

34
Q

what do the membranes of the er consist of

A

flattened, membrane bound sacs called cisternae

35
Q

what is the function of the er

A
  • to transport the proteins made by the ribosomes
  • they get modified into what is needed by the organism
  • at the edge of the er small vesicles break off and a transport the ribosomes to the golgi body
36
Q

what is the function of the ser

A
  • the syntheses of lipids like steroids

- may also help with the breakdown of toxins like drugs

37
Q

what is the golgi body made of

A

flat, curved, membrane bound sacs called cisternae

38
Q

what is a stack of sacs of the golgi body called

A

dictyosome

39
Q

what is the bottom of the golgi body called

A

forming face (cis)

40
Q

what is the top of the golgi body called?

A

the maturing face (trans)

41
Q

what is the function of the golgi body

A
  • . to transport and chemically modify the materials inside it
  • these materials become secretary products
  • when the materials are ready, small vesicles break away and move towards the surface of the cell where they fuse with the plasmalemma and release their content to the outside
42
Q

lysosomes are found in ____ cells

A

eukaryotic

43
Q

what are lysosomes

A

small membrane that contain digestive enzymes that help with intracellular digestion

44
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

equal parts of protein and ribosomal dna

45
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

to provide a platform where protein synthesis takes place

46
Q

where are centrioles found

A

in the cytoplasm near the nucleus in the centrosome

47
Q

centrioles are hollow cylinders that contain _____ microtubules

A

9 triplets or 27

48
Q

what is the function of centrioles

A

to control the spindle fibers during cellular division

49
Q

what are vacuoles

A

are fluid filled membrane sacs

50
Q

in animals, vacuoles are ___ and _____

A

small and temporary

51
Q

phagosomes are ___ vacuoles

A

food

52
Q

contractile vacuoles play a role in ______ of ____ water

A

excretion excess

53
Q

in plants, vacuoles are ____ and ____

A

large and permanent

54
Q

vacuoles are surrounded by_____ and contain____

A

tonoplast cell sap

55
Q

what are the 3 functions of vacuoles

A
  1. support
  2. storage and excretion
  3. digestion
56
Q

what is autophagy

A

where digestive enzymes are used to break down old organelles

57
Q

what is autolysis

A

where the tonoplast loses it’s partial permeability and enzymes are released and the entire cell is digested

bio (5 decks)

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