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Cytology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does unicellular mean

A

Consisting of only one cell

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2
Q

What does multi cellular mean

A

Consisting of many cells

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3
Q

What Is know as the ultra structure

A

The fine structure of the cell as seen with the electron microscope

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4
Q

What is the basis of the cell theory of biology

A

1665- Robert Hooke looks at a cork under a microscope. Calls the chambers he sees “cells”.

1665- 75 Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the inventer of the microscope, studies organisms living in pond water. He calls them “animalcules”.

1830- German scientists Schleinden and Schawann summarise the findings of many scientists and conclude that all living organisms are made of cells. This forms the basis of the cell theory of biology

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5
Q

Why did Robert Hooke call cells cells

A

The little boxes reminded him of the rooms they stayed in at the monastery so he called them cells

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6
Q

What is the cell theory of biology

A
  • all organisms are composed of cells
  • the cell is the structural unit of life - units smaller than cells are not alive
  • cells arise by division of pre-existed cells - spontaneous generation does not exist
  • cells can be cultured to produce more cells
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7
Q

What is in vitro

A

Outside an organism or cell

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8
Q

What is in vivo

A

Inside an organism or cell

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9
Q

What is contained in a general animal cell

A 
Golgi apparatus (dictyosome)
Lysosome 
Vesicle 
Mitochondrion 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Microvillus 
Centrioles 
Nucleus (nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin-network)
Ribosome 
Granular endoplasmic reticulum
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10
Q

What is contained in a general plant cell

A 
Nucleus (chromatin-network, nuclear membrane, nucleolus) 
Vesicle 
Golgi apparatus (dictyosome)
Mitochondrion 
Leucoplast 
Ribosomes 
Cytoplasm 
Chloroplast 
Tonoplast 
Large vacuole with cellsap 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall 
Endoplasmic reticulum
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11
Q

What parts is a cell broken down into

A

Cell - cell wall (non- living)
- protoplasm (living)

Protoplasm- cell nucleus
- cytoplasm

Cytoplasm- plasma lemma

              - hyaloplasm 
              - membranous organelles
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12
Q

What is the protoplasm

A

The living part of the cell, it includes the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasmalemma

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13
Q

Where does the term protoplasm come from

A

From the Greek words proto (first) and plasma (formed)

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14
Q

What 6 chemicals is the protoplasm made up of

A
  • water
  • dissolved mineral salts
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • nucleic acids
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15
Q

Where are cell walls found

A

All plant cells (cellulose), fungi (chitin), and bacteria (peptidoglycan).

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

It helps protect the cell from mechanical injury and supports and strengthens the cell. As we cannot digest the cell walls, it forms roughage in our diets and helps to keep the colon functioning and clean

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17
Q

Provide Labels for the diagram representing the cell walls of four neighbouring cells

A

Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3, Cell 4, cell wall, plasmalemma/cell membrane, intercellular air space, middle lamella, cytoplasm.

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18
Q

What is the middle lamella made up of

A

Pectins

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19
Q

What is another word for cell membrane

A

Plasmalemma

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20
Q

How is a cell membrane formed

A

From a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol molecules. Floating amongst the phospholipid and cholesterol molecules are many globular protein molecules.

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21
Q

Label diagram of the floating mosaic model

A

Exterior of cell,glycoprotein, double layer of phospholipids, canal protein, interior of cell, cholesterol

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22
Q

Why are membranes considered partially or selectively permeable

A

Proteins are grouped together and act as pores or transporters,allowing substances to pass through from one side of the membrane to the other. This means that membranes can control which substances may entrer or leave the cell and which not and it varies from cell to cell

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23
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

It provides protection for the cell, it also transports substances in and out of the cell. Proteins in the membrane also act as receptors receiving and responding to messages

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24
Q

What is the structure of a nucleus

A

The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane, which allows the DNA to be isolated from the rest of the cell, decreasing the likelihood that it will be damaged.

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25
Q

What does the nucleolus look like and what does it do

A

It is a dense dark body. It is not enclosed by a membrane. It is a responsible for producing RNA and ribosomes.

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26
Q

Draw Label a nucleus diagram

A 
NE- nuclear envelope 
S- perinuclear space 
N- nucleolus 
P- nuclear pore 
ER- endoplasmic reticulum 
E- euchromatin 
H- heterochromatin
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27
Q

What are nuclear pores and what do they do

A

They are spaces between the nuclear envelope that allow exchange of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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28
Q

How do chromosomes form

A

During the process of nuclear division, the chromatin becomes progressively more condensed until it takes on the form of slender threads called chromosomes. (In short chromosomes are super coiled up strands of chromatin)

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29
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A
  1. Different proteins control the entire cell, and the nucleus organises which types of proteins are produced by the cell and when these proteins will be produced. The nucleus therefore controls the cell.
  2. The nucleus stores genetic information on the chromosomes and passes information onto the daughter cells when the cell divides
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30
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein filaments placed in the cytoplasm required for cells to change their shape, move organelles and move from place to place

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31
Q

What are the two most important protein filaments

A

Actin filaments and microtubules

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32
Q

What is actin responsible for

A

For contraction (like in muscles)

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33
Q

What are the microtubules responsible for

A

For structural strength

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34
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  • to maintain the shape of the cell
  • anchors the organelles in specific areas
  • let’s substances move in the cytoplasm
  • can change the shape of the cell when necessary
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35
Q

What are chromosomes made up of

A

DNA coiled around protein molecules called histones.

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36
Q

What are plastids

A

Plastids are relatively large organelles that are found only in plant cells.

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37
Q

What is the structure of a plastic

A

They are all surrounded by a double membrane (envelope), contain their own globular DNA and are thus able to replicate themselves and have ribosomes of the 70S size.

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38
Q

What are the three main types of plastids

A

Chloroplasts
Leucoplasts
Chromoplasts

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39
Q

What are proplastids

A

Small, colourless organelles that the three main plastids develop from

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40
Q

Where are chloroplasts located

A

They are located in the cytoplasmic ground substance in certain tissues of plants.

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41
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

They contain green pigments chlorophyll a and b, which trap light energy for photosynthesis

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42
Q

What are carotenoids

A

Pigments that are yellow and red

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43
Q

What is the space between the membranes where chloroplasts are bounded called

A

The intermembrane space

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44
Q

What is the stroma

A

The large central space enclosed by the inner membrane.

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45
Q

What is the stroma responsible for

A

It contains enzymes and is responsible for producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water using trapped energy from the sun.

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46
Q

What is the structure of thylakoids

A

A system of membranes which form a set of flattened, interconnected, disk like sacs

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47
Q

Where does the light phase of photosynthesis take place

A

In the chlorophyll electron carriers embedded in thylakoid membranes

48
Q

What is a grana

A

A stack of thylakoids

49
Q

What is the intergranal lamellae for

A

Links grana together

50
Q

What organisms contain chloroplasts

A

All organisms form the plant and Protista kingdoms that use the sun for photosynthesis

51
Q

Label and draw a diagram if a chloroplast

A 
Starch grain 
Double membrane 
Stroma 
Ribosomes 
Globular DNA 
Granum 
Oil droplet 
Intergranal lamelae 
Thylakoid/lamelae
52
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —radiant energy—>

C6H12O6+ 6O2

53
Q

What are leucoplasts

A

Colourless plastids found in the storage organs of plants.

54
Q

What are the three main types of leucoplasts

A

Amyloplasts, proteoplasts, elaioplasts

55
Q

What do amyloplasts store

A

Starch

56
Q

What do proteoplasts store

A

Proteins

57
Q

What do elaioplasts store

A

Oils

58
Q

What plants are amyloplasts found in

A

Wheat, mealies, rice, potato etc

59
Q

What plants are proteoplasts found in

A

Beans, peas, nuts etc

60
Q

Where plants are elaioplasts found in

A

Sunflowers, seeds, olives, avocado etc

61
Q

What May happen if leucoplasts are exposed to light

A

They may develop into chloroplasts

62
Q

What are chromoplasts

A

They give petals, fruits and roots their yellow, orange and red colours

63
Q

Where are chromoplasts found

A

I’m the cytoplasmic matrix of cells in the coloured part of certain plants

64
Q

What are the colours of chromoplasts due to

A

Due to the presence of many carotenoid pigments within the stroma of the plastid

65
Q

What is The function of chromoplasts in flowers

A

To attract pollinators, so they can be pollinated to form seeds

66
Q

What is The function of chromoplasts in fruit

A

To attract animals to distribute their seeds when the are ready to be distributed

67
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Fairly large organelles found in all cells except bacteria

68
Q

Are mitochondria visible under compound light microscopes

A

Only if they are stained with a chemical which colours them specifically

69
Q

The ultra structure of a mitochondria is only visible under a _______ microscope

A

Electron

70
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have

A

Two membranes separated by an inter-membrane space/ outer chamber

71
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondrion

A

The outer membrane is relatively smooth, while the inner membrane is folded to form projections called Cristae.

72
Q

What does the cristae do

A

It increases the surface area of the inner membrane. The cristae possesses “lollipop” particles projecting out into the inner chamber. It is here that energy is produces and stored in the form of ATP

73
Q

What is the matrix

A

The space between the cristae

74
Q

What does the matrix contain

A

Ribosomes of 70S size and DNA which are used to make some of the mitochondrion’s own proteins and enables it to replicate

75
Q

Draw and label the diagram of a mitochondrion

A

Matrix, ribosomes, globular DNA, oil droplet, cristae, outer membrane, inner membrane, elementary processes

76
Q

What is the balanced equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

ATP energy is released that is used to maintain life, for movement and heat.

77
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

The gradual release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen. The energy is temporarily stored in the carrier ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

78
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

It is a network of membranes running though the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell.

79
Q

What is the structure of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

The membrane are continuous and consists flattened, membrane bound sacs called the cristernae

80
Q

What is the ET lumen

A

The internal space of the sac

81
Q

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

When the endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes on their cytoplasmic sides

82
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

If no ribosomes are found on the surface of the ER. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is more tubular in contrast to the flattened rough endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

What is the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

To transport the proteins made by the ribosomes on their surface. At the edge of the ER small vesicles (sacks or vacuoles) break off and carry these proteins where it can be secreted from the cell and passed on to other organelles in the same cell.

84
Q

What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

The synthesis of lipids

85
Q

What are the different names for Golgi apparatus

A

Golgi complex, Golgi body, and dictyosomes

86
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi body

A

Numerous flat, curved membrane bound sacs, called cristernae with several smaller vesicles entering and leaving it. These sacs are not interconnected and are never covered with ribosomes.each set forms a structure that looks like a pile of plates

87
Q

What is a dictyosome

A

A stack of membranous sacs. Each dictyosome May contain 6-30 sacs (cristernae)

88
Q

What is the bottom/outer face of a dictyosome called

A

The forming face (Cis). This face is usually convex and the sacs making it up are not as dilated.

89
Q

What is the top of a dictyosome called

A

The top concave top or maturing face (Trans). The sacs making it up are dilated more.

90
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

To transport and chemically modify the materials inside it. These materials eventually become secretary products.

91
Q

How does the Golgi body transport and chemically modify materials

A

Vesicles containing newly synthesised proteins break off from the endoplasmic reticulum and travel towards the Golgi body where they fuse with the convex face. In the cristernae the proteins are chemically modified “finished off” before being exported from the cell. When the protein is ready, small vesicles break away from the concave face of the Golgi body and move towards the surface of the cell. They fuse with the plasmalemma and release their content to the outside. Not all protein product made by the Golgi body are secreted (some become lysosomes)

92
Q

Where are lysosomes found

A

In most eukaryotic cells

93
Q

What are lysosomes

A

They are small membrane bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes in solution.

94
Q

How are lysosomes formed

A

Are formed as buds which break away form the Golgi body.

95
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

They help with intercellular digestion (eg when a white blood cell wants to destroy the bacteria that is engulfed)

96
Q

What are polyribosomes/polysomes

A

Free ribosomes that occur in clusters

97
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

To provide a platform on which protein synthesis takes place, where amino acids are joined together one by one to form polypeptide chains

98
Q

What are centrioles

A

Small, hollow cylinders that occur in pairs in all animal cells and some lower plants like algae, but never higher plants

99
Q

Where are centrioles found

A

In the cytoplasm near the nucleus in a region called the centrosome

100
Q

What does a centriole contain

A

Each centriole contains nine triplets of microtubules, thus 27 microtubules

101
Q

What is the function of the centrioles

A

To control the spindle fibre during cellular division

102
Q

What are examples of vacuoles found in animal cells

A

Phagosomes, lysosomes and contractile vacuoles

103
Q

What are vacuoles like in plant cells

A

Large, permanent and positioned fairly central in the cell

104
Q

What are phagosomes

A

Food vacuoles

105
Q

What are contractile vacuoles

A

These are found in unicellular organisms and play a role in the excretion of excess water. They contract rhythmically in order to move to the cells surface to release the water

106
Q

How much volume can a plant vacuole occupy

A

Up to 90 % of the volume of the cell

107
Q

What is the tonoplast

A

The membrane surrounding the vacuole

108
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles

A

Turgidly and support, storage and excretion and digestion

109
Q

How does a vacuole provide turgidity and support

A

Water enters the vacuole by osmosis. As a result pressure build up within the cell and the cytoplasm is pushed against the cell wall, keeping the whole cell firm, this is called turgidity.

110
Q

What is turgor pressure

A

The pressure the cell contents exert on the cell wall

111
Q

What is it called when a plant cell has been maximally filled with water

A

It is said to be turgid

112
Q

What is it called when a plant losses a lot of water

A

It becomes flaccid

113
Q

How do you know a plants cell are flaccid

A

You can see this in the wilting l, hanging leaves

114
Q

What substances are stored in the vacuoles of plants

A
  • Proteins are stored in the vacuoles developing seeds
  • pigments like anthrocyanins (red, violet, blue)
  • food reserves like mineral salts and sucrose
  • excretory products may build up in the vacuole
115
Q

How does a vacuole help with digestion

A

Sometimes the tonoplast looses its partial permeability and the enzymes are released into the cell and the entire cell is digested (autolysis), leaving the cell wall surrounding a hollow cavity l. Xylem tissue is formed this way

Life Science (7 decks)

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