Cytokines Flashcards

Memorize the various cytokines, their principal purpose, and source

1
Q

Cytokines are produced in response to what?

A

Antigens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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2
Q

What is the function of cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers for the innate and adaptive immune system

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3
Q

What are the common PAMPs?

A

LPS, peptidoglycan, monomersteichoic acids, unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide or CpG sequences in bacterial and viral genomes, and double-stranded viral RNA

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4
Q

What are the inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α

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5
Q

What produces TNF-α?

A

activated macrophages in response to microbes, particularly LPS of Gram(-)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of TNF-α?

A

Mediator of acute inflammation by recruiting neutrophils and macrophages by stimulating endothelial cells to produce adhesion molecules and by producing chemokines which are chemotactic cytokines. It also acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever and promotes the production of acute phase proteins

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7
Q

What produces IL-1?

A

activated macrophages, endothelial cells, and some epithelial cells

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8
Q

What is the purpose of IL-1?

A

Similar function to TNF-α but also helps activate T cells

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9
Q

What produces IL-6?

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, and T cells

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10
Q

What is the purpose of IL-6?

A

acts on the liver to mediate acute phase reactions and effects B cells in their proliferation of antibody-producing cells

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11
Q

What produces IL-10?

A

activated macrophages, dendritic cells, and Th2 cells

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12
Q

What is the purpose of IL-10?

A

It is mainly an inhibitory cytokine. It inhibits production of IFN-γ by Th1 cells, inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages, and the expression of class II MHC and co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages

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13
Q

What produces IL-12?

A

activated macrophages and dendritic cells

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14
Q

What is the purpose of IL-12?

A

it stimulates the production of IFN-γ and causes T cells to differentiate into Th1. It also enhances cytolytic functions of Tc and NK cells.

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15
Q

What produces Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) ?

A

many cells types

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16
Q

What is the purpose of Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) ?

A

They inhibit viral replication within the cells. They increase the expression of MHC I molecules that make them more receptive to killing by T cells. They also activated NK

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17
Q

What produces INF-γ?

A

primarily by Th1 cells but can also be produced by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells

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18
Q

What is the purpose of INF-γ?

A

activates macrophages and has various other functions in the innate and adaptive immune systems

19
Q

What produces IL-2?

A

mainly helper T cells but also Tc cells to a lesser extent

20
Q

What is the function of IL-2?

A

It is the major growth factor for T cells. It can promote growth of B cells as well as activate NK and monocytes

21
Q

Is IL-2’s main action autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine?

A

It acts in an autocrine manner.
Activation of T cells results in expression of IL-2R and the production of IL-2. The IL-2 binds to the IL-R and promotes cell division.

22
Q

What produces IL-4?

A

macrophages and Th2 cells

23
Q

What is the primary function of IL-4?

A

Stimulates naive Th cells to differentiate into Th2 cells resulting in the production of an antibody response. Stimulates a class change to IgE

24
Q

What produces IL-5?

A

Th2 cells

25
Q

What is the primary function of IL-5?

A

functions to promote the growth and differentiation eosinophils, activating mature eosinophils

26
Q

What produces IL-17?

A

Th17 cells

27
Q

What is the purpose of IL-17?

A

stimulates acute inflammation by inducing the production of chemokines and cytokines that direct neutrophils and monocytes to the infection

28
Q

What produces TGF-β?

A

T cells and many other cell types

29
Q

What is the purpose of TGF-β?

A

it serves as an inhibitory cytokine. inhibits the proliferation of T cells and the activation of macrophages

30
Q

What are the cytokines involved in hematopoiesis?

A

IL-3, IL-7, M-CSF, and GM-CSF

31
Q

What are the chemokines?

A

CXCL8, CXCL2, CCL2, and CCL21

32
Q

TNF is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

33
Q

IL-1 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

34
Q

Chemokines are involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

35
Q

IL-6 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

36
Q

Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) are involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

37
Q

IL-10 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

38
Q

IL-12 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate

39
Q

IL-2 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive

40
Q

IL-4 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive

41
Q

IL-5 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive

42
Q

IL-17 is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive

43
Q

TGF-β is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Both

44
Q

INF-γ is involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Both