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Fall 2022 > Cycle 11 - Ecology in Anthropocene > Flashcards

Cycle 11 - Ecology in Anthropocene Flashcards

1
Q

What is population ecology?

A

study of how and why populations of organisms grow and decline

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2
Q

What is population size?

A

the number of individuals making up the population at a specific time

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3
Q

What is population density?

A

the number of individuals per unit area/volume of habitat

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4
Q

How does population density compare with body size?

A

large body size = population density decline

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5
Q

What is an age structure?

A

statistical description of the relative numbers of individuals in each age class

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6
Q

How are individuals categorized by age?

A

pre reproductive or post reproductive

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7
Q

Why is the percent of reproducing individuals in a population important?

A

to see how fast the population will grow in the future

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8
Q

What is generation time? How is it important for population growth?

A

average time between the birth of an organism and birth of its offspring
- short in species with small body size = faster population growth

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9
Q

When do exponential models or logistic models apply for population growth?

A

exponential - populations experience unlimited growth

logistic - population growth in limited due to resources

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10
Q

When do exponential models or logistic models apply for population growth?

A

exponential - populations experience unlimited growth

logistic - population growth in limited due to resources

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11
Q

What are the four changes to population that must be considered for demographic change?

A
  1. # of births
  2. # of deaths
  3. immigrants to a population
  4. emigrants from a population
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12
Q

How can you calculate the change in population size?

A

∆N/∆t = B - D

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13
Q

What is births per capita (b)? deaths per capita (d)?

A

b = B/N

c = D/N

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14
Q

What is the equation for per capita growth rate (r)?

A

b-d = r

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15
Q

What is the equation for exponential model of population growth?

A

dN/dt = (b-d)N = rN

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16
Q

What is zero population growth in terms of the equation?

A

b=d so r = 0

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17
Q

What is the intrinsic rate of increase?

A

maximum possible per capita population growth rate in a population living under ideal conditions

rmax x N

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18
Q

What is the carrying capacity?

A

maximum number of individuals that an environment can support indefinitely (K)

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19
Q

What is the logistic model of population growth?

A

population growth slows as the population size approaches K

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20
Q

What is the equation of logistic model of population growth?

A

dN/dt = (rmax x N)(K-N/K)

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21
Q

What happens when K = N?

A

zero population growth

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22
Q

What happens when K = N?

A

zero population growth

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23
Q

Why is the logistic population growth model necessary?

A

realistically shows intraspecific competition - dependence of two or more individuals in a population on the same non-infinite resources

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24
Q

What does it mean when r<0 and r>0 in either model?

A

r<0 increasing population and r>0 decreasing population

25
Q

What are density dependent variables? Examples for regulating plant and animal populations?

A

factors that increase or decrease with population density
ex. predation, parasitism, disease

26
Q

What are density independent variables?

A

reduce population size regardless of density?

27
Q

What is co-evolution?

A

evolution of genetically based, reciprocal adaptations in two or more species that interact in the same ecological setting

28
Q

What the is effect on interacting populations in PREDATION?

A

+/- predators gain nutrients and energy, prey are killed or injured

29
Q

What the is effect on interacting populations in PARASITISM?

A

+/- predators gain nutrients and energy, hosts are killed or injured

30
Q

What the is effect on interacting populations in HERBIVORY?

A

+/- Herbivores gain nutrients and energy, plants are killed or injured

31
Q

What the is effect on interacting populations in Competition?

A

-/- both competing populations lose access to some resources

32
Q

What the is effect on interacting populations in COMMENSALISM?

A

-/0 one population benefits, other is unaffected

33
Q

What the is effect on interacting populations in MUTUTALISM?

A

+/+ both benefits

34
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

live within a host

35
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

feed on the exterior of the host

36
Q

What are some plant defence mechanisms?

A
  • spines and thorns
  • poisonous chemicals
37
Q

How do species avoid detection?

A

camouflage

37
Q

What are aposematic species?

A

species that are poisonous that have bright patterns to advertise potential predators

38
Q

What is mimicry?

A

same pattern as aposematic species but are not actually poisonous

39
Q

What is the Anthropocene?

A

500-70 years ago - extinction of species and declined species due to human activity creating long-lasting geological mark and potential 6th mass extinction

40
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

remaining areas of intact habitat are reduced to small isolated patches

41
Q

What is the edge effect in a forest?

A

removal of natural vegetation disrupts the local physical environment, exposing the borders of the remaining habitat to additional sunlight, wind, and rainfall

42
Q

What are extirpations? Where do their result from?

A

local population extinction
results from overexploitation (excessive harvesting of an animal or plant species

43
Q

What are the major threats to biodiversity due to humans?

A
  1. Habitat destruction
  2. overexploitation
  3. climate change
  4. invasive species and disease
  5. pollution
44
Q

Why was there a significant increase of population after the Black Death plague?

A

industrial revolution and improving healthcare

45
Q

Can the carrying capacity change?

A

yes! vary by habitat and season

46
Q

How does crowding affect reproduction?

A

plants at higher density produce fewer seeds = density dependant factor

47
Q

How is parasitism a density dependent factor?

A

its transmission is facilitated by increasing population density

48
Q

How is predation a density dependent factor?

A

more prey density = easy predator access

49
Q

Which type of density factor is infraspecific competition?

A

resources are limited so density dependent factor

50
Q

What type of density factor is weather/temperature?

A

density independent factor

51
Q

Can density independent and dependent factors work simultaneously?

A

Yes! ex. heat weakens immune system (independent) more disease (dependent)

52
Q

What is fecundity?

A

potential reproductive output

53
Q

How can humans purposefully impacted other species population growth?

A
  1. biological control by introducing a species to control another
  2. conservation management by moving, culling, or facilitating reproduction
54
Q

How can bacteria in the human body change our behaviour?

A

increases appetite, stress response

55
Q

How is host-parasite and example of co-evolution/evolutionary arms race?

A

infections cause anti influenza responses for protection with antibodies

selection for viruses to escape antibodies through mutations

new antigenic cluster causing infections

56
Q

Which type of species interaction will not result in coevolution?

A

commensalism – neutral species will not evolve

57
Q

What are some new approaches to better Anthropocene?

A

fecal transplants to restore a healthy gut ecosystem

one heath concept - well being of people animals and environment

Fall 2022 (12 decks)

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