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Fall 2022 > Chemistry Chapter 4.1 Transition Metals > Flashcards

Chemistry Chapter 4.1 Transition Metals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the electron configuration of first row transition metal atoms?

A

[Ar]3d^n 4s^2

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2
Q

What are the exceptions to the electron configuration of the first row transition metals?

A

Chromium - [Ar] 2d^5 4s^1
Copper - [3d^10 4s^1

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3
Q

What are the post-lanthanide elements? What is their core electron configuration?

A

Hf-Hg – [Xe]4f^14

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4
Q

What is different about the bonding electrons for the first transition series (elements in the first row of the d-block)?

A

the electrons in 4s and 3d orbitals can take part in the formation of chemical compounds (not just the highest principal quantum number like the s and p block elements)

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5
Q

What are oxidation states?

A

The state of an atom when it loses or gains electrons when chemically bonded

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6
Q

What are the implications of unusual ground state electronic configurations?

A

useful properties or redox reactions

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7
Q

How does an electron move through the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

A

passes electron from one molecule to the next changing oxidation states

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8
Q

How do transition metals turn into complexes?

A

binding with LIGANDS

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9
Q

What is a ligand?

A

molecule or ion (neutral or anionic) that bonds to a transition mental centre forming a complex

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10
Q

What is a Lewis base?

A

any substance that can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons

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11
Q

How does a ligand act as a Lewis base?

A

donates a lone pair to an oxidized transition metal in a complex

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12
Q

What type of bond is between a ligand and a central transition metal ion?

A

part ionic character (electrostatic attraction between the central metal cation and the NEGATIVE REGIONS of the POLAR ligand molecules) and part polar covalent character (lone pair sharing between ligand and metal centre)

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13
Q

What is a monodentate ligand?

A

a ligand that has one donor atom
–> NH3 –> N
–> H2O –> O
–> Cl- –> Cl
–> OH- –> O
–> CN- –> N

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14
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

a ligand that has two donor atoms
–> H2NCH2CH2NH2 –> N+N
C2O4 2- –> C+O

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15
Q

What type of ligand is EDTA?

A

hexadentate
–> donates with 2 O and 4 N
ethlenediaminetetraacetate

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16
Q

What are polydentate ligands?

A

more that two potential donor atoms (not all atoms have to be used)
- sometimes represented as only the donor atoms bonded to metal centre)

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17
Q

What is a chelating ligand?

A

two or more donor atoms of the same ligand are bound to the same central metal - strong bond

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18
Q

What is a bridging ligand? When does it occur?

A

different donor atoms of the same ligand are bound to different central metal ions. occurs when there are many metal ions in the area

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19
Q

What is a terminal ligand? When does it occur?

A

one donor atom from a polydentate ligand is bound to one central metal ion. occurs when the central metal ion is already bound to other ligands

20
Q

What is an ambidentate ligand?

A

have more than one possible donor atom but only one can be used at a time

21
Q

Why do ambidentate ligands occur?

A

charge, resonance, position of electron, space available

22
Q

What does ambidentate ligands cause?

A

isomerism

23
Q

How do the different bonding possibilities of ambidentate ligands compare in molecular formula and molecular shape?

A

same molecular formula; atoms are connected differently –> linkage isomers

24
Q

How can you write the formula of a coordination complex?

A

complex placed in brackets and counterions (not part of complex) are outside

25
Q

What are counter ions used for? Do they have to be used?

A

used to balance out charge of complex
–> complexes can also be used to counter the charge

26
Q

What are coordination isomers?

A

pairs of complexes that differ by which metal is the cation/anion
–> ligands swap (coordinated with different metals)
–> only works for salts where the cation and anion are complex ions

27
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules have the same composition/molecular formula but may not be the same substance because of different connectivity/bonding

28
Q

What is linkage isomers? What type of isomerism is it?

A

two ligands are the same but are bonded at different locations (different donor atoms used to bond to central metal)
– type of constitutional isomer (structural isomer)

29
Q

What is ionization isomerism? What type of isomerism is it?

A

differ by which anions are coordinated and ones which are not

–counter ion outside of coordination sphere and coordinated ions inside the coordination sphere swap
- type of constitutional isomer because it is the same molecular formula but the connectivity is different

30
Q

What is a constitutional isomer?

A

same molecular formulas, but different connectivities/bonding

31
Q

What do the properties of transition metal complexes depend on?

A

coordination number and stereochemistry (how coordinated atoms are arranged in space)

32
Q

What is a coordination number?

A

Number of donor atoms bonded to central metal

33
Q

What is the stereochemistry of a coordination number of 2?

A

usually linear

34
Q

What is the stereochemistry of a coordination number of 3?

A

usually trigonal planar

35
Q

What is the stereochemistry of a coordination number of 4?

A

tetrahedral or square planar

36
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

different, non-interconverting spatial arrangements

37
Q

In which coordination number does stereoisomerism begin occurring?

A

coordination #4

38
Q

When are complexes cationic?

A

neutral ligands (metal is cationic)

39
Q

When are complexes anionic?

A

anionic ligands

40
Q

What is a cis isomer? What is a trans isomer?

A

cis same substituent is 90 degrees

trans = same substituent is 180 degrees

–> coordination 4 and 6

41
Q

What is the stereochemistry of coordination number 5?

A

square pyramidal or trigonal bipyramidal

42
Q

What is the stereochemistry of coordination number 6?

A

octahedral or distorted octahedral

43
Q

What types of isomerism occur in the octahedral stereochemistry?

A

cis and trans when there are 4 of one substituents and 2 of the other substituents

fac and mer when there are 3 of each type of substituent

44
Q

What are the fac and mer isomerisms?

A

fac - two equatorial and one axial

mer - both axial and one equatorial

45
Q

What us the metal carbonyl complex?

A

ligand are carbon monoxide molecules (CO)

46
Q

What is a hemoglobin?

A

tetrameric protein containing 4 heme groups (4 ligand porphine and central metal Fe)
– transports oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body

Fall 2022 (12 decks)

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