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CVS > CVS Physiology 1: Fetal Circulation. > Flashcards

CVS Physiology 1: Fetal Circulation. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of fetal circulation?

A

Delivers nutrients required for fetus growth and development from the placenta to the fetus.

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2
Q

Which organ is the source of oxygen for the fetus?

A

Placenta.

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3
Q

Blood reaches and leaves the fetus through the __________________.

A

Umbilical cord.

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4
Q

The umbilical cord has ___ arteries and ___ vein.

A

2 arteries and 1 vein.

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5
Q

Fetal lungs _______ (do, don’t) exchange gas.

A

Don’t.

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6
Q

Which fetal chamber has the highest oxygen concentration?

A

Right atrium of fetal heart.

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7
Q

_________ blood is carried from _______ through the __________ _____ and enters the _______ ______ ______ through the _______ ________.

A

Oxygenated blood is carried from placenta through the umbilical vein and enters the inferior vena cava through the ductus venosus.

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8
Q

________ _______ permits most of the highly ______ blood to go directly to the ______ _______, bypassing the ________.

A

Ductus venosus permits most of the highly oxygenated blood to go directly to the right atrium, bypassing the liver.

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9
Q

This _______ ______ blood flows directly into the ____ _____ through the ________ _______ an opening between the _____ and ______ _______.

A

This right atrial blood flows directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale an opening between the right and left atriums.

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10
Q

From the ______ _______ blood flows directly into ____ ______ and the _____ through the ______ _____, to the _______ and _____ ______.

A

From the left atrium blood flows directly into left ventricle and the aorta through the subclavian arteries, to the cerebral and coronary arteries.

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11
Q

List the 4 steps of the pattern of fetal oxygenated blood circulation?

A

1- oxygenated blood is carried from placenta through the umbilical vein and enters the inferior vena cave through the ductus venosus.
2- ductus venosus permits most of the highly oxygenated blood to go directly to the right atrium, bypassing the liver.
3- this right atrial blood flows directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale an opening between the right and left atriums.
4- from the left atrium blood flows directly into left ventricle and the aorta through the subclavian arteries, to the cerebral and coronary arteries, resulting in the brain and the heart receiving the most highly oxygenated blood.

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12
Q

What is the result of the pattern of fetal oxygenated blood circulation?

A

Resulting in the brain and the heart receiving the most highly oxygenated blood.

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13
Q

__________ blood returns from the _____ and the ____ through the ______ _____ _____, enters the _______ ______ and passes into the _______ _______.

A

Deoxygenated blood returns from the heart and the arms through the superior vena cave, enters the right atrium and passes into the right ventricle.

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14
Q

Blood from the ______ ________ flow into the ______ _______, but because fetal ______ are collapsed, the pressure in the ______ _______ is very ______.

A

Blood from the right ventricle flow into the pulmonary artery, but because fetal lungs are collapsed, the pressure in the pulmonary artery is very high.

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15
Q

Because ________ resistance is ______, most of the blood passes into the _____ ______ through the _____ _______, which connects the _____ _____ and the ____ _____ to the origin of the _______ _______.

A

Because pulmonary resistance os high, most of the blood passes into the distal aorta through the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta distal to the origin of the subclavian arteries.

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16
Q

From the _________ blood flows to the rest of the ______ then to the _______ ______ and back to the _________.

A

From the aorta blood flows to the rest of the body then to the placenta artery and back to the placenta.

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17
Q

List the 4 steps of fetal deoxygenated circulation?

A

1- Deoxygenated blood returns from the heart and the arms through the superior vena cave, enters the right atrium and passes into the right ventricle.
2- Blood from the right ventricle flow into the pulmonary artery, but because fetal lungs are collapsed, the pressure in the pulmonary artery is very high.
3- Because pulmonary resistance os high, most of the blood passes into the distal aorta through the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta distal to the origin of the subclavian arteries.
4- From the aorta blood flows to the rest of the body then to the placenta artery and back to the placenta.

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18
Q

Which type of hemoglobin has the highest oxygen affinity?

A

Fetal hemoglobin (F Hb).

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19
Q

Why does fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity to oxygen?

A

Ensures that oxygen reaches the fetus sufficiently.

20
Q

What increases O2 unloading in fetuses?

A

Low PO2 in fetal tissue and high metabolic demand.

21
Q

When does the function closure of ductus arterious happen?

A

10-96 hrs after birth.

22
Q

When does the function closure of ductus venosus happen?

A

Within several mins after birth.

23
Q

When does the function closure of foramen ovale happen?

A

Within several mins after birth.

24
Q

When does the anatomical closure of ductus arterious happen?

A

2-3 weeks after birth.

25
Q

When does the anatomical closure of ductus venosus happen?

A

3-7 days after birth.

26
Q

When does the anatomical closure of foramen ovale happen?

A

One year after birth.

27
Q

What is the remnant of ductus arteriosus?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum.

28
Q

What is the remnant of ductus venosus?

A

Ligamentum venosum.

29
Q

What is the remnant of foramen ovale?

A

Fossa ovalis.

30
Q

What changes happen to umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Umbilical ligaments.

31
Q

What changes happen to the umbilical vein after birth?

A

Ligamentum teres.

32
Q

What happens to the fetal body after ligation of the umbilical cord?

A

1- sudden fall of blood pressure in the IVC and the right atrium.
2- the ductus venosus constricts.

33
Q

What happens to the fetal body after aeration (first cry) of the lungs at birth?

A

1- lung expand which decreases pulmonary circulation resistance.
2- marked increase in the pulmonary blood flow.
3- oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and low prostaglandins constricts the ductus arterioles.
4- increases pressure in the left atrium (foramen ovale closes).

34
Q

List the 5 changes after birth?

A

1- at birth, infant takes a breath; decreased resistance in pulmonary vasculature.
2- increase left atrial pressure vs right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes (now called fossa ovalis).
3- high O2 (from respiration) and low prostaglandin (from placental separation) causes the closure of ductus arteriosus.
4- indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor) helps close PDA.
5- prostaglandin E1 and E2 keep PDA open.

35
Q

Definition: problems with the heart’s structure that are present at birth?

A

Congenital heart defects (CHD).

36
Q

What are the most common type of birth defect?

A

Congenital heart defects.

37
Q

List the 3 types of CHD involvement?

A

1- the interior walls of the heart.
2- the valves inside the heart.
3- the arteries and veins that carry blood to and from the heart.

38
Q

Give an example of CHD of the interior walls of the heart?

A

ASD and VSD.

39
Q

Give an example of CHD of the valves inside the heart?

A

Valve stenosis.

40
Q

Give an example of CHD of the arteries and veins that carry blood to and from the heart?

A

PDA.

41
Q

List the 2 classifications of CHD?

A

1- acyanotic.
2- cyanotic.

42
Q

List 5 examples of cyanotic CHDs?

A

1- teralogy of fallot.
2- tricuspid atresia.
3- transposition of great vessels.
4- truncus arteriosus.
5- total pulmonary venous return (TAPVR).
6- ebstein’s anomaly.

43
Q

List the 2 classifications of acyanotic CHD?

A

1- left to right shunts.
2- outflow obstruction.

44
Q

Give 3 examples of outflow obstruction of acyanotic CHD?

A

1- pulmonary stenosis.
2- aortic stenosis.
3- coarctation of aorta.

45
Q

Give 3 examples of left to right shunts of acyanotic CHD?

A

1- ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2- patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
3- atrial septal defect (ASD).

CVS (11 decks)

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