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CVS > CVS Embryology 1: Heart Development. > Flashcards

CVS Embryology 1: Heart Development. Flashcards

1
Q

When do angiogenic clusters appear?

A

In the middle of the third week.

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2
Q

What forms angiogenic clusters?

A

Mesenchymal cells in the splanchnic (vesiral) layer of the mesoderm proliferate and form isolated cell clusters known as angiogenic clusters.

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3
Q

Where are angiogenic clusters first located?

A

In the lateral side.

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4
Q

Where do angiogenic clusters rapidly spread to?

A

To the cephalic end.

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5
Q

The angiogenic clusters acquire what?

A

A lumen.

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6
Q

Angiogenic clusters unite to form what?

A

A horseshoe-shaped plexus of small blood vessels.

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7
Q

The anterior portion of the angiogenic plexus is called what?

A

Central portion of cardiogenic area.

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8
Q

The intraembryonic colemic cavity located over the blood vessel plexus later form what?

A

Pericardial cavity.

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9
Q

After formation of neural tube and brain vesicles CNS grown rapidly in which direction?

A

The cephalic direction.

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10
Q

What happens when neural tube and brain vesicles CNS grows rapidly in the cephalic direction?

A

It extends over the cardiogenic area and future pericardial cavity.

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11
Q

The percordial plate and the cardiogenic plate are pulled towards which direction?

A

Forward.

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12
Q

The cardiogenic plate and pericardial cavity become located where?

A

Ventrally and caudally.

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13
Q

List the 2 folds that bring the 2 heart tubes of an early embryo together?

A

1- folds in cephalocaudally (cranial fold).
2- then transversely (lateral fold).

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14
Q

The 2 endocardial heart tube in an early embryo fuse in which direction?

A

Cephalo-caudally.

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15
Q

The heart tube is attached to which side of the pericardial cavity?

A

Doral side of the pericardial cavity.

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16
Q

The heart tube of an early embryo is attached to the dorsal side of the pericardial cavity by what?

A

Dorsal mesocardium.

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17
Q

The mesoderm adjacent to the endocardial tube forms what?

A

Epimyocardial mantle.

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18
Q

The epimyocardial mantle is separated from endocardial tube by what?

A

Cardiac jelly.

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19
Q

The endocardial tube of an early embryo consists of what?

A

1- endocardium.
2- myocardium.
3- epicardium.

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20
Q

The cephalic portion of the heart tube bends in which direction which creates the cardiac loop?

A

Ventral and caudal direction to the right.

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21
Q

The caudal portion of the heart tube bends in which direction which creates the cardiac loop?

A

Shifts in a dorsal-cranial direction and to the left.

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22
Q

The 2 bends of the heart tube creates what?

A

A cardiac loop.

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23
Q

List the 4 twists of a primitive heart tube in order from top to bottom?

A

1- bulbus cordis.
2- ventricle.
3- atrium.
4- sinus venosus.

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24
Q

The atrioventricular junction remains narrow and develops into what?

A

Atrioventricular canal.

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25
Q

List the 3 parts of the bulbus cordis?

A

1- proximal third.
2- conus cordis (middle part).
3- truncus arteriosus (distal part).

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26
Q

What does the proximal third of the bulbus cordis form?

A

Forms the trabeculated (rough) part of the right ventricle.

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27
Q

What does the conus cordis (middle third) of the bulbus cordis form?

A

Forms the outflow tract (smooth side) of both ventricles.

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28
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus (distal third) of the bulbus cordis form?

A

Forms the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

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29
Q

The proximal portion of the bulbus forms what?

A

The primitive right ventricle.

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30
Q

The primitive ventricle become what to later form what?

A

Becomes trabeculated (rough) and forms the primitive left ventricle.
(Rough part of the left ventricle).

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31
Q

In which week does the sinus venosus consist of a transverse portion and right and left sinus horn?

A

4th week.

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32
Q

Each horn receives blood from 3 important veins, list them?

A

1- vitelline veins (venous drainage of the GIT).
2- the umbilical vein.
3- common cardinal vein (venous drainage of the whole body).

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33
Q

Which part of the horn disappears in the 5th and 7th week?

A

The left umbilical vein and left vitelline vein.

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34
Q

Which part of the horn disappears in the 10th week?

A

The left common cardinal vein.

35
Q

List the remaining part un the left horn of sinus venosus?

A

1- the oblique vein of left atrium.
2- the coronary sinus.

36
Q

Due to left to right shunt what happens to the right sinus horn and veins?

A

They enlarge.

37
Q

What is the only communication between sinus venosus and the atrium?

A

The right horn.

38
Q

The right horn is incorporated into right atrium to form what?

A

The smooth part of the right atrium.

39
Q

What are endocardial cushions?

A

Dorsal (ant.) and ventral (post.) swellings.

40
Q

Endocardial cushions fuse, dividing the single AV canal into what?

A

Paired canals.

41
Q

Endocardial cushions are involved in the formation of what?

A

Formation of interatrial and interventricular septa.

42
Q

Endocardial cushions are derived from what?

A

Neural crest.

43
Q

Endocardial cushions are involved in which medical conditions?

A

In many CHDs (congenital heart diseases).

44
Q

List the 5 arterial septums in order?

A

1- septum primum.
2- foramen primum.
3- foramen secundum.
4- septum secundum.
5- foramen ovale.

45
Q

Septum primum grows from what?

A

Atrial roof toward endocardial cushions.

46
Q

What is foramen primum?

A

Shunt that closes.

47
Q

What does foramen secundum do?

A

Perforates septum primum, allowing shunt.

48
Q

What does septum secundum do?

A

Grows down, overlapping foramen secundum.

49
Q

Where is foramen ovale located?

A

Between septum primum and septum secundum.

50
Q

How does foramen ovale close in a fetus?

A

1- right side high pressure (high pulmonary resistance, ect.).
2- well oxygenated blood streams through foramen ovale.
3- valve of foramen ovale closes with left atrial contraction.

51
Q

What happens to foramen ovale after birth?

A

1- right side low pressure (low pulmonary resistance).
2- valve remains closed (physiological closure).
3- valve eventually fuses (anatomical closure).

52
Q

What is foramen ovale called after it fuses?

A

Fossa ovalis.

53
Q

Which partitioning is not part of fetal circulation?

A

Ventricular partitioning.

54
Q

Ventricular septum closes in which week?

A

Week 7.

55
Q

List the 2 types of ventricular septum?

A

1- muscular.
2- membranous.

56
Q

Muscular IV septum grows from what?

A

Floor.

57
Q

Membranous inter ventricular (IV) septum forms from what?

A

Endocardial cushions and bulbar ridges.

58
Q

Closure of membranous IV is associated with what?

A

Partitioning of tuncus arteriosus.

59
Q

Partitioning of truncus arteriosus is a continuous set of what?

A

Ridges in bulbus cordis (bulbar ridges) and truncus arteriosus (truncal ridges).

60
Q

Partitioning of truncus arteriosus grow in which direction?

A

Towards each other, spiraling 180.

61
Q

Partitioning of truncus arteriosus fuse to form what?

A

Spiraling aorticopulmonaryseptum, dividing aorta and pulmonary trunk.

62
Q

Bulbular ridges are involved in the formation of what?

A

Formation of IV septum.

63
Q

Bulbar and truncal ridges are derived from what?

A

Neural crest cells.

64
Q

List the 2 types of VSD?

A

1- membranous (= perimembranous, conoventricular) VSD.
2- muscular VSD.

65
Q

What is the most common CHD?

A

Membranous (perimembranous, conoventricular) VSD.

66
Q

Membranous (perimembranous, conoventricular) VSD is more common among which gender?

A

Males > females.

67
Q

What happens in membranous VSD?

A

Endocardial cushions and bulbar ridges fail to fuse with musc. septum.

68
Q

Muscular VSD is located where?

A

In muscular IV septum.

69
Q

What is the supracristal VSD?

A

Muscular VSD.

70
Q

What is the least common VSD?

A

Muscular VSD.

71
Q

List the 4 types of atrial septal defects (ASD)?

A

1- (ostium) secundum ASDs.
2- AV septal defect (AV canal).
3- patent foramen (ostium) primum.
4- sinus venosus ASDs.

72
Q

What is the most common ASD?

A

(ostium) secundum ASDs.

73
Q

(ostium) secundum ASDs is more common with which gender?

A

Females > males.

74
Q

(ostium) secundum ASDs is due to what?

A

Problems with septum primum (perforated or too short), but sometimes septum secundum or both septa.

75
Q

AV septal defect (AV canal) is due to what?

A

Endocardial cushion problems so that septum primum never fuses with cushion tissue.

76
Q

A patent foramen (ostium) primum causes what?

A

Valve defects.

77
Q

Patent foramen (ostium) primum is due to what?

A

Sometime no fusion of endocardial cushions: AV septal defects.

78
Q

Patent foramen (ostium) primum is found in 20% of which patients?

A

Downs patients.

79
Q

Which ASD is very rare?

A

Sinus venosus ASDs

80
Q

Which CHD is 5-7% of all CHDs?

A

Tetralogy of fallot.

81
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot?

A

Four co-occurring heart defects.

82
Q

List the 4 co-occurring heart defects found in tetralogy of fallot?

A

1- pulmonary stenosis.
2- ventricular septal defect.
3- overriding aorta (dextroposition).
4- right ventricular hypertrophy.

83
Q

Tetralogy of fallot is due to what?

A

Asymmetrical fusion of bulbar and truncal ridges.

CVS (11 decks)

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