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CVS > CVS Anatomy 1: Heart. > Flashcards

CVS Anatomy 1: Heart. Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: double layered fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels?

A

Pericardium.

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2
Q

Where is the pericardium located?

A

In the middle mediastinum.

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3
Q

Pericardium is located posterior to what?

A

The body of sternum and 2nd-6th costal cartilages.

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4
Q

Pericardium is located anterior to what?

A

T5-T8 vertebrae.

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5
Q

Pericardium is located to the right of what?

A

1-1.5 cm to the right of the sternum.

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6
Q

Pericardium is located to the left of what?

A

5-7.5 cm to the left of median plane at the level of 5th intercostal space.
(Midclavicular line) < position of the apex.

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7
Q

List the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

1- fibrous pericardium: strong outer layer.
2- serous pericardium: inner transparent membrane.

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8
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium composed of?

A

Tough fibrous tissue.

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9
Q

list the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A

1- parietal: on the inside of the fibrous layer.
2- visceral layer: on the heart.

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10
Q

Which serous layer is also called the epicardium?

A

Visceral layer.

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11
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Protects heart against sudden overfilling.

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12
Q

The pericardium is pierced superiorly by what?

A

Aorta, pulmonary trunk, and superior vena cava.
Becomes fused with these vessels.

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13
Q

The pericardium rest inferiorly on what?

A

Rests on and is fused with central tendon of the diaphragm.

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14
Q

The pericardium is attached anteriorly to what?

A

Attached to the sternum by sternopericardial ligaments.

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15
Q

The pericardium is pierced posteriorly by what?

A

Pierced by pulmonary veins and inferior vena cave.
Becomes fused with these vessels.

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16
Q

Where does the parietal and visceral layers become continuous?

A

Around the roots of great vessels.

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17
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

Lies between the two serous layers.

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18
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

Contains a thin film of serous fluid.

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19
Q

What is the function of pericardial cavity?

A

Helps in frictionless movement of the heart.

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20
Q

List the 2 pericardial sinuses?

A

1- transverse sinus.
2- oblique sinus.

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21
Q

When do the pericardial sinuses develop?

A

During the folding of embryonic heart.

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22
Q

Which sinus lies posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to superior vena cava?

A

Transverse sinus.

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23
Q

Which sinus is an inverted U-shaped blind recess lies posterior to the heart extending posterior to the left atrium, and can be entered inferiorly?

A

Oblique sinus.

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24
Q

Where does the transverse sinus communicates with the main part of pericardial cavity?

A

At its right and left ends.

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25
Q

How is the oblique sinus produced?

A

By the reflection of pericardium onto the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava.
(Left atrium in front, and fibrous layer behind it (parietal)).

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26
Q

What is the main arterial supply of the heart?

A

Pericardiophrenic and musculophernic arteries, branches of internal thoracic.

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27
Q

The heart is also arterially supplied by what?

A

Pericardial branches of bronchial, esophageal and superior phrenic arteries.

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28
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium) is arterially supplied by what?

A

The branches of the coronary arteries.

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29
Q

Which veins drain the heart?

A

Veins are tributaries of azygos system.
Pericardiophrenic veins also drain into the internal thoracic vein.

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30
Q

What is the nerve supply of the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Are supplied by the phrenic nerves (somatic).

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31
Q

What is the nerve supply of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Innervated by branches of the sympathetic trunks and the vagus nerves (autonomic).

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32
Q

List 4 clinical conditions that can affect the pericardium?

A

1- pericarditis.
2- pericardial effusion.
3- cardiac tamponade.
4- friction rub.

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33
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Lower amount of fluids.
(Cardiac rub).

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34
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Higher amount of fluids.

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35
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Blood instead of fluids in pericardial cavity.
Diminished heart sounds.

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36
Q

What is the management of cardiac tamponade?

A

Pericardiocentesis.

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37
Q

What is pericardiocentesis? And where is it inserted?

A

A wide-bore needle may be inserted through the left 5th and 6th intercostal space near the sternum (area of cardiac notch).

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38
Q

Where are intracardial injections given?

A

Left 5th and 6th intercostal space near the sternum (area of cardiac notch).

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39
Q

What is the heart?

A

Hollow muscular organ, acts as a double pump.

40
Q

What is the shape of the heart?

A

Conical.

41
Q

Where does the heart lie?

A

Lies free within the pericardium.

42
Q

The heart is connect superiorly to what?

A

Connected superiorly to the large vessels.

43
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they?

A

4 chambers.
2 atria superiorly.
2 ventricles inferiorly.

44
Q

How are the 4 heart chambers separated?

A

Separated from each other by atrioventricular and interventricular grooves.

45
Q

Atria acts as the ________ chamber, and the ventricles act as the _________ chambers.

A

Atria act as the receiving chambers.
Ventricles act as the pumping chambers.

46
Q

The right side of the heart contains ______ blood, and the left side contains _______ blood.

A

The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood.
The left side contains oxygenated blood.

47
Q

List the 4 surfaces of the heart?

A

1- sternocostal (anterior) surface.
2- diaphragmatic (inferior) surface.
3- base (posterior surface).
4- apex.

48
Q

What is the sternocostal surface formed mainly by?

A

Formed mainly by the right atrium and the right ventricle, separated by a vertical atrioventricular groove.

49
Q

What separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle on the sternocostal surface?

A

The anterior interventricular groove.

50
Q

The diaphragmatic surface is formed mainly by what?

A

By the right and left ventricles.

51
Q

What separates the right and left ventricles on the diaphragmatic surface?

A

Posterior interventricular groove, and a small part of the right atrium, into which the inferior vena cava opens.

52
Q

The base (posterior surface) of the heart is formed mainly by what?

A

The left atrium, into which open the 4 pulmonary veins.

53
Q

What shape is the base (posterior surface) of the heart?

A

Quadrilateral in shape.

54
Q

The base faces which direction?

A

Faces posteriorly, superiorly, and toward the right shoulder.

55
Q

The apex is formed mainly by what?

A

Formed by left ventricle.

56
Q

The apex is directed towards which direction?

A

Downward, forward and to the left.

57
Q

What is the location of the apex?

A

Located posteriorly to the left 5th intercostal space.
Aka, medial to the left midclavicular line.

58
Q

What is the point of maximal pulsation of the heart?

A

The apex,
The apex beat can be seen as well as palpated.

59
Q

What forms the right border of the heart?

A

The right atrium.

60
Q

What forms the left border of the heart?

A

Formed by the left auricle above and the left ventricle below.

61
Q

What forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

Formed mainly by the right ventricle, and the apex of the left ventricle.

62
Q

What forms the superior border of the heart?

A

Border is where great vessels enter or leave the heart, formed by right and left auricles and superior part of right and left ventricle.

63
Q

List the anatomical positions of the 4 heart valves?

A

1- 3rd costal space: pulmonary valve.
2- 3rd intercostal space: aorta.
3- 4th costal space: mitral valve.
4- 4th intercostal space: tricuspid valve.

64
Q

Where is the best ausculation positions of the 4 heart valves?

A

1- right 2nd intercostal space: aorta.
2- left 2nd intercostal space: pulmonary.
3- left 5th intercostal space (apex) (midclavicular line): mitral.
4- 4th-5th sternum or lower end intercostal space: tricuspid.

65
Q

List the 3 blood circulations of the heart?

A

1- systemic circulation.
2- pulmonary circulation.
3- portal circulation.

66
Q

List the 3 parts of the right atrium?

A

1- the posterior (smooth) part.
2- the anterior (rough) part.
3- the septal part.

67
Q

List the 4 openings of the posterior (smooth) part of the right atrium?

A

1- receives opening of coronary sinus.
2- opening of superior and inferior vena cava.
3- opening of anterior cardiac veins which opens within the atreal cavity.
4- opening of venae cordis minimi which open within the atreal cavity.

68
Q

What forms the anterior (rough) part of the right atrium?

A

Formed of parallel muscular ridges (musculi pectinati) extending to right auricle.

69
Q

What separates the anterior (rough) part from the posterior wall of the right atrium?

A

Separated from the posterior wall by a vertical ridge (crista terminalis).

70
Q

What forms the septal wall of the right atrium?

A

Formed of an oval depression (fossa ovalis), bounded superolaterally by a margin (annulus ovalis).

71
Q

List the 2 parts of the right ventricle?

A

1- the lower (rough) inflowing part.
2- the upper (smooth) outflowing part.

72
Q

What forms the lower (rough) inflowing part?

A

Formed of irregular muscular ridges (trabeculae carnae).

73
Q

What does the lower (rough) inflowing part of the right ventricle contain?

A

Has 3 papillary muscles (anterior, posterior and septal): with a base attached to ventricular wall and an apex attached to cusps of tricuspid valve by chordae tendinae.

74
Q

Definition: a muscular ridge extending from interventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle.

A

Moderator band.

75
Q

What does the moderator band carry?

A

It carries the right branch of A-V bundle.

76
Q

What is the upper (smooth) outflowing part of the right ventricle called?

A

The infundibulum or conus arteriosus, it leads into pulmonary orifice.

77
Q

List the 2 orifices and valves of right ventricle?

A

1- right atrioventricular (tricuspid).
2- pulmonary.

78
Q

Where does the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve lie?

A

Lies between right atrium and ventricle.

79
Q

What surrounds the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve?

A

Surrounded by a fibrous ring giving attachment to the bases of 3 triangular cusps (anterior, posterior and septal).

80
Q

What is attached to the adjoining free edges of cusps of right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valves?

A

Chordae tendinae of papillary muscles.

81
Q

Where does the pulmonary valve lie?

A

Lies between infundibulum of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

82
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve consist of?

A

3 semilunar cusps.
1- anterior cusp.
2- right cusp.
3- left cusp.

83
Q

Where are the 3 semilunar cusps of the pulmonary valve situated?

A

Two situated in the anterior wall: anterior and right cusps.
One situated in posterior wall: left cusp.

84
Q

The wall of the pulmonary trunk is slightly _____ _____ the 3 cusps forming __ ______.

A

Slightly dilated above the 3 cusps forming 3 sinuses (2 anterior and 1 posterior).

85
Q

How does the left atrium compare to the right atrium?

A

1- its cavity is smooth except the left auricle which have musculi pectinati.
2- its posterior wall receives the openings of 4 pulmonary veins (have no valves).

86
Q

How does the left ventricle compare to the right ventricle?

A

It’s cavity is circular in shape and 3 times thicker.

87
Q

What does the lower rough part of the left ventricle contain?

A

1- trabeculae carnae: are larger and more numerous.
2- papillary muscles: are only 2, larger, has fewer but stronger chordae tendiae.

88
Q

What is the upper smooth part of the left ventricle called?

A

Called aortic vestibule, leads into aortic orifice.

89
Q

Definition: An oblique septum separating the ventricles?

A

Ventricular septum.

90
Q

List the 2 parts of ventricular septum?

A

1- an upper smaller membranous part.
2- a lower larger muscular part.

91
Q

List the 2 orifices and valves of the left ventricle?

A

1- left atrioventricular (mitral).
2- aortic.

92
Q

Where does the mitral valve lie?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle.

93
Q

How does the mitral valve compare to the tricuspid valve?

A

1- its orifice is narrower.
2- it has only 2 cusps (anterior and posterior).
3- cusps are larger and stronger.

94
Q

Where does the aortic valve lie?

A

Lies between the aortic vestibule of left ventricle and ascending aorta.

95
Q

How does the aortic valve compare to the pulmonary valve?

A

1- consists of 3 larger semilunar cusps:
One situated in anterior wall: right cusp.
Two in posterior wall: left and posterior cusps.
2- the wall of aorta is slightly dilated.
3- above the 3 cusps forming 3 sinuses (one anterior and 2 posterior).

CVS (11 decks)

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