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Term 2 - CVS and Resp > CVS Embryology > Flashcards

CVS Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the primordial heart begin to function?

A

Start of 4th week

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2
Q

Vasculogenesis =

A

blood vessel formation

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3
Q

Angiogensis =

A

vessels develop by sprouting/branching from pre-exsisting vessels

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4
Q

The 5 stages in blood vessel development in the embryo are:

A
  1. differentiation of mesenchymal cells
  2. angioblasts
  3. blood islands
  4. small cavities appear in blood islands
  5. endothelial lined cavities fuse to form endothelial channels
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5
Q

The nervous system is formed by

A

ectodermal cells (brain and spinal cord)

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6
Q

Blood vessels first appear where?

A

Wall of yolk sac

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7
Q

Heart tubes are formed by..

A

canalisation of angioblastic cords

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8
Q

Describe the arterial end of the tubular heart:

A

bulbus cordis
truncus arteriosus
aortic arches

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9
Q

Describe the middle of the tubular heart

A

ventricle (arterial end)

atrium (sinus venosus end)

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10
Q

Describe the venous end of the tubular heart

A 
sinus venosus
two horns (L + R)

one horn =
common cardinal vein
umbilibal vein
vitelline vein

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11
Q

The serous pericardium =

Derived from…

A

parietal and visceral layer

intra-embryonic coelom

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12
Q

Parital layer of serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium are derived from

A

somatopleuric mesoderm

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13
Q

The splanchnopleuric mesoderm forms the

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium

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14
Q

What forms the U - shape loop called the bulboventricular loop?

A

bulbis cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions, so form a loop

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15
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Heart loop forms to left instead of right

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16
Q

Development of cardiac septa happens

A

27th and 37th days of embryonic phase

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17
Q

In atrial partioning, what things develop?

A

2 septum

2 foramen

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18
Q

These septum are the:

A

septum prinum

septum secundum

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19
Q

These foraminous are th:

A

foramen prinum

foramen secundum

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20
Q

The fossa ovals is formed by

A

septum secundum appears on right of septum prinum

grows and overlaps foramen secondum

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21
Q

Functions of oval foramen before birth

A

blood passage from left to right atria (non functioning lungs)
prevents passage of blood in opposite direction

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22
Q

Functions of oval foramen after birth

A

increases pulmonary blood flow
shifts pressure to left atrium
remnant of metal fossa ovalis

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23
Q

Non-closure of the fossa ovalis =

A

ASD - atrial septal defect

hole in the heart

24
Q

Where can a hole appear in VSD (ventricular septal defect)?

A

Anywhere in the septum

25
Q

The teratology of Fallot is made up by what 4 defects?

A
  1. Pulmonary Stenosis
  2. VSD
  3. Dextroposition of aorta
  4. Right ventricle hypertrophy
26
Q

The SA node develops

A

during 5th week

27
Q

Adult location of SA node is

A

high in right atrium

near entrance of SVC

28
Q

AV node and Bundle of His develop from

A

cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

29
Q

Crib death (or SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome) is caused by

A

abnormalities of conducting tissues

30
Q

The first arteries to appear are the

A

right and left primitive aortae

31
Q

Pharyngeal arches develop during weeks

A

4 and 5

32
Q

The 1st arch of the aortia =

A

maxillary arteries

33
Q

The hyoid and spatial arteries are from

A

the 2nd arch of the aorta

34
Q

The common carotid and first part of internal carotid arteries are from the

A

3rd aortic arch

35
Q

The 4th left aortic arch leads to

A

left common carotid

left subclavian artery

36
Q

The 4th right aortic arch leads to

A

the right subclavian artery (proximal portion)

37
Q

The 6th aortic arch on the left side makes the

A

left pulmonary artery

ductus arteriosus

38
Q

The 6th aortic arch on the right side makes the

A

right pulmonary artery

39
Q

The 5th aortic arch has the following fate:

A

terminae in dorsal aorta
not present
do not develop

40
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the ______, which is from the _______

A

vagus

10th cranial nerve

41
Q

The coronary arteries are from two sources

A
  1. migration of proepicardial (angioblast) cells

2. cells of epicardium

42
Q

The cardinal veins act as the

A

main drainage system of embyro

43
Q

List 4 venous system defects

A
  1. double IVC
  2. No IVC
  3. Left SVC
  4. Double SVC
44
Q

Lymphatic system develops at

A

end of week 6

45
Q

Thoracic duct develops from

A

caudal part of right thoracic duct

46
Q

What is congenital lymphedema?

A

dilation of lymphatic vessels

47
Q

Functions of the ductus venosus:

A
  1. bypass blood from umbilical vein to IVC

2. regulated by sphincter

48
Q

Function of oval foramen

A

diverts blood from right atrium to left atrium

49
Q

Function of ductus arteriosus

A

diverts blood from pulmonary trunk into descending aorta

50
Q

What does Patent Ductus Arterioles (PDS) cause?

A
  1. failure of muscular wall to contract
  2. RSD (resp distress syndrome) - low O2
  3. lack of surfactant in lungs
51
Q

What causes a correction of the aorta?

A

incorporation of muscle tissue in ductus arterioles into arch of aorta

52
Q

Anti-clotting mechanisms in the endothelium include:

A

formation of platelet ring

formation of fibrin clot

53
Q

Thrombomodulin =

A

binds thrombin and inactivates it

54
Q

Heparin =

A

inactivates thrombin

55
Q

Starling’s Forces (in exchange) include:

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure vs ISF hydrostatic pressure

AND

plamsa osmotic pressure vs ISF osmotic pressure

56
Q

Oedema is the

A

accumulation of excess fluid

57
Q

Ectopia cordis =

A

congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located either partially or totally outside of the thorax

Term 2 - CVS and Resp (8 decks)

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