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Term 2 - CVS and Resp > CVS Basics > Flashcards

CVS Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the CVS (5)

A 
O2 and CO2 Transport
Nutrients 
Metabolites
Hormones
Heat
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2
Q

Heart pumps are in series because

A

output must be equal

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3
Q

Most vascular beds are in parallel because

A

All tissues get oxygenated blood

Regional redirection of blood

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4
Q

Flow = change in ?

A

pressure / resistance

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5
Q

Flow is controlled by

A

radius of arterioles (selectively redirects flow)

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6
Q

Arterioles act as

A

taps controlling the resistance (therefore flow) to each vascular bed

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7
Q

The aorta is an

A

elastic artery

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8
Q

The aorta has

A

wide lumen
elastic wall
damp pressure variations

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9
Q

Arteries are

A

muscular

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10
Q

Arteries have

A

wide lumen
strong non-elastic wall
low resistance conduit

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11
Q

Arterioles act as

A

resistance vessels, so control resistance and flow

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12
Q

Arterioles have

A

narrow lumen
thick contractile wall
(allow regional redirection of blood)

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13
Q

Capillaries act as

A

exchange vessels

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14
Q

Capillaries have

A

narrow lumen

thin wall

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15
Q

Venules and veins act as

A

capacitance vessels

so allow fractional distribution of blood between veins and rest of circulation

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16
Q

Venules/veins have

A

wide lumen

distensible wall

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17
Q

The left heart contains what valves?

A

mitral valve

aortic valve

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18
Q

The right heart contain what valves?

A

tricuspid valve

pulmonary valve

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19
Q

Describe the function of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries (respectively)

A 
Heart = a pump
Arteries = distribute blood from heart 
Capillaries = exchange nutrients 
Veins = collect and return blood to heart
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20
Q

Function of the lymphatics is to

A

drain excess extracellular fluid from tissues

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21
Q

The heart lies in the

A

mediastinum

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22
Q

The mediastinum is

A

an area of the thoracic cavity between pleural sacs

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23
Q

In relation to the sternum, the heart lies

A

1/3rd to the right, 2/3rd to the left

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24
Q

The apex beat can be found at

A

the 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

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25
Q

Anterior relations of the heart are

A

sternum and costal cartilages 4 - 7
anterior edges of lungs and pleurae
thymic remnants

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26
Q

When does the thymus disappear?

A

After adolescence

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27
Q

Posterior relations of the heart are

A

Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebrae 5 - 8

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28
Q

Lateral relations of the heart are

A

the lungs

the phrenic nerve(s)

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29
Q

Inferior relations of the heart are

A

central tendon of diaphragm

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30
Q

Situs Inversus is when

A

everything is the opposite way round to normal

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31
Q

The three layers of the heart wall are

A

Endocardium (innermost)
Myocardium (middle)
Epicardium (outermost)

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32
Q

The endocardium is made up of (in order)

A

epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissues

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33
Q

The myocardium is made up of

A

muscle

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34
Q

The epicardium is made up of (in order)

A

connective tissue
basement membrane
epithelium

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35
Q

Functions of endocardium

A

lines heart chambers

forms valves

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36
Q

The endocardium

A

is simple squamous

sits on connective tissue

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37
Q

The myocardium

A

closes down chamber lumens
has rich capillary bed
has lots of mitochondria

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38
Q

The myocardium contains

A

cardiac muscle (myocytes) which are connected by intercalated discs

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39
Q

Intercalated discs are

A

complex junctions that connect myocytes

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40
Q

Desmosomes…

A

connect at horizontal interface

bind myocytes together

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41
Q

Gap Junctions…

A

connect vertically
are for electrical communication
essential to co-ord cardiac cycle

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42
Q

Epicardium is the

A

outer layer of the heart wall

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43
Q

The epicardium epithelium is the same layer as

A

the visceral layer of serous pericardium

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44
Q

The epicardium contains

A

main branches of coronary arteries

may be fatty

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45
Q

Name the four heart chambers

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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46
Q

Functions of heart valves

A

control direction of blood flow
work passively
create heart sounds

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47
Q

Chordae terminae and papillary muscles prevent

A

valve failure

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48
Q

Valve abnormalities include narrowing (______) and widening (______)
Also, infection called _______

A

stenosis
incompetence

bacterial endocarditis

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49
Q

aortic and pulmonary valves are _____ valves with ___ cusps

A

semilunar

3

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50
Q

The mitral valve is also known as the

A

bicuspid valve (2 cusps)

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51
Q

The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are also known as

A

atrio-ventricular valves

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52
Q

Aortic stenosis =

Causes =

A

failure of aortic valve to close

back flow of blood into left ventricle

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53
Q

Electrical insulation in the heart

A

atria from ventricles
myocardium from great vessels
purlinje fibres

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54
Q

Describe the coronary arteries during systole

A

openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps

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55
Q

Describe the coronary arteries during diastole

A

elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve, blood enter coronary arteries

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56
Q

At diastole, when myocardium relaxes

A

blood can flow into capillaries

57
Q

The heart hangs by the ________ within the __________________

A

great vessels

fibrous pericardium

58
Q

Attachments of the heart include

A

central tendon of diaphragm
sternum
roots of great vessels

59
Q

The serous pericardium contains

A 
epithelium
pericardial fluid (lubricant)
60
Q

The visceral layer is bound to

A

the heart

61
Q

The parietal layer is bound to

A

the fibrous pericardium

62
Q

Visceral and parietal layers are continuous so give

A

a closed bag for the heart

freedom to move during cardiac cycle

63
Q

In the non-pacemaker potential, the RMP has

A

high resting K+

64
Q

In the non-pacemaker potential, the initial depolarisation causes an

A

increase in Na+

65
Q

The plateau in the non-pacemaker potential is caused by

A

an increase in Ca2+

a decrease in K+

66
Q

The depolarisation in the non-pacemaker potential is caused by

A

decrease in Ca2+

increase in K+

67
Q

In the pace-maker potential, an increase in Ca2+ causes

A

an action potential

68
Q

Three changes to cause pacemaker potential =

A

gradual decrease in K+
early increase in Na+
late increase in Ca2+

69
Q

Two drugs that effect contraction force of the heart are

A

Ca2+ channel blockers

Cardiac glycosides

70
Q

Ca2+ channel blockers

A

decrease force of contraction

71
Q

Cardiac glycosides

A

increase force of contraction

72
Q

Temperature increases

A

about 10 beats/min/degreeC

73
Q

Hyperkalemia (high plasma K+) causes

A

fibrillation

heart block

74
Q

Hypokalemia (low plasma K+) causes

A 
fibrillation
heart block (anomalous)
75
Q

Hypercalemia (high plasma Ca2+) causes

A

increased HR

increase force of contraction

76
Q

Hypocalemia (low plasma Ca2+) causes

A

decreased HR

decreased force of contraction

77
Q

The senatorial node acts as the

A

pacemaker

78
Q

The atrioventricular node acts as the

A

delay box

79
Q

Purkinje fibres do what, and are where?

A

Rapid conduction to ventricles

Spread from node to rest of heart (ventricles, IV septum etc)

80
Q

The action potential in a single myocyte evokes what?

A

A very small extracellular electrical potential

81
Q

The P wave corresponds to

A

atrial depolarisation

82
Q

The QRS complex corresponds to

A

ventricular depolarisation

(

83
Q

The T wave corresponds to

A

ventricular repolarisation

84
Q

The U wave (sometimes heard) is the

A

depolarisation of Purkinje fibres (and other specialised cells)

85
Q

The PR interval is what, and takes how long?

A

time taken from atrial depol to ventricular depol

0.12 - 0.2 seconds (3 to 5 small boxes on ECG strip)

86
Q

The QT interval is the

A

time spent in ventricular depolarisation and depolarisation

maximum 0.42 seconds

87
Q

The settings on an ECG should be

A

paper speed: 25mm/sec

calibration: 1mV = 1 cm

88
Q 
The following ECG leads show be placed where:
Red
Yellow
Green
Black
A

right wrist
left wrist
left ankle
right ankle

89
Q

The C1 lead goes

A

4th ic space, right sternal edge

90
Q

The C2 leads goes

A

4th ic space, left sternal edge

91
Q

The C4 lead goes

A

5th left ic space, midclavicular line (apex)

92
Q

The C3 lead goes

A

midway between C2 and C4

93
Q

C5 goes

A

in line with C4

anterior midaxillary line

94
Q

C6 goes

A

in line with C4

midaxillary line

95
Q

What is essential for a good ECG recording?

A 
Patient comfortable, skin exposed
Not shivering (no movements) 
Dry skin (no sweat)
96
Q

Compare the action potentials or cardiac muscle, to skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac had longer action potential than skeletal

97
Q

The RMP of cardiac muscle =

A

leak of K+

98
Q

The initial depolarisation =

A

increased Na+ permeability

99
Q

The plateau is due to

A

Increased Ca2+

Decreased K+ permeability

100
Q

The depolarisation =

A

decreased Ca2+

increase K+ permeability

101
Q

Standard limb leads look at

A

events in vertical/frontal plane

102
Q

Precordial (chest) leads look at

A

events in the horizontal/transverse plane

103
Q

30 large squares on a rhythm strip =

A

6 seconds

104
Q

1 large (5mm) square =

A

0.2 seconds

105
Q

STEMI stands for

A

ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

106
Q

NSTEMI stands for

A

Non ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

107
Q

Which is worse, a STEMI or a NSTEMI?

A

a STEMI

108
Q

What is happening to the atria during a P wave?

A

depolarisation
contraction
increased pressure
atrial systole

109
Q

The P wave goes on to cause

A

an increase in ventricular volume

110
Q

During the QRS complex, what is happening?

A

ventricular depolarisation
ventricles contract
ventricular systole begins

111
Q

What opens the semi-lunar valve (opens aortic valve)?

A

Enough pressure in ventricles pushing valve open

112
Q

When the valves open:

ventricular volume ________ and blood leaves when they _________

A

decreases

contract

113
Q

During the T wave

A

repol. of ventricles
ventricles relax
drop in pressure

114
Q

What causes the 1st heart sound, the ‘lub’?

A

Closing of atrioventricular valves (mitral, tricuspid)

115
Q

What causes the 2nd heart sound, the ‘dub’?

A

Semi-lunar valves close (aortia, pulmonary)

116
Q

What does the SA node do and where is it found?

A

Pace-maker, automatically makes impulses

Right atrium

117
Q

SA node stands for

A

sinoatrial node

118
Q

AV node stands for

A

atrioventricular node

119
Q

The Av node in between

A

the atria and the ventricles

makes automatic impulses

120
Q

The Purkinje fibres

A

extend from nodes

spread signals to rest of ventricle

121
Q

Afterload =

A

load against which muscle tries to contract

122
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on SV?

A

Little effect on contraction strength or SV

123
Q

Starlings Law states that

A

energy of contraction is proportional to initial length of the cardiac muscle fibre

124
Q

Sympathetic nerves release ___________ that act on ___________, which ___________ contractility

A

nor(adrenaline)
B1-receptors on myocytes
increase

125
Q

CO (cardiac output) =

A

HR x SV

126
Q

Heart rate
Symp supply =
Parasymp supple =

A

increases HR

decreases HR

127
Q

Preload increases

A

SV

128
Q

Afterload decreases

A

SV

129
Q

SV increased by

A

preload

symp supply

130
Q

Measure arterial pressure by

A

auscultation of Korotkoff sounds using stethoscope and sphygmomanometer

131
Q

Pressure in veins is _______ so change in P driving blood back to heart is _______

A

low

low

132
Q

Does gravity effect driving pressure from arteries to veins?

A

No

133
Q

Height of jugular collapse = 0 - 5 = ?

A

confusion

134
Q

Height of jugular collapse = 20 = ?

A

anger

135
Q

venomotor tone =

A

state of contraction of smooth muscle

136
Q

central venous pressure can be estimated by

A

jugular collapse

137
Q

venous pressure and return are influenced by

A

gravity
skeletal muscle & resp pump
venomotor tone
systemic filling P

138
Q

Darcy’s Law states that flow is

A

equal to change in pressure / resistance

Term 2 - CVS and Resp (8 decks)

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