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Term 2 - CVS and Resp > CVS Disease > Flashcards

CVS Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary Heart Disease causes include

A 
increased LDL
smoking
bad diet
family history
increased BP
stress
anaemia
hyperthyroid
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2
Q

Coronary Heart Disease can cause

A 
endothelial injury
fatty streaks
fibrous cap
foam cells
atherosclerosis
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3
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) signs include

A 
anaemia
tar staining
bruits
reduced pulses
lipid arcus
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4
Q

Symptoms of CHD could be

A

(un)stable angina
raised JP
pre-syncope
dyspnoea

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5
Q

How can CHD be investigated?

A 
angiography
echo
ECG
U&Es
liver enzymes 
FBC
CXR
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6
Q

What are the treatments for CHD?

A 
NSAIDS
Statins
Treat underlying problem (smoking, diet etc) 
Bypass
GTN
CCBs
Stenting
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7
Q

What are the causes of an NSTEMI and STEMI?

A

Unstable angina

ACS (acute coronary syndrome)

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8
Q

What can an NSTEMI cause?

A

atheroma
rupture
necrosis

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9
Q

On an ECG, what can show an NSTEMI?

A

path Q waves
ST depression

also increases troponin

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of an NSTEMI?

A

(un)stable angina

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11
Q

What investigations should be done for an NSTEMI?

A

ECG
increased troponin and myoglobin tests
angio
echo

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12
Q

What can treat an NSTEMI?

A 
Aspirin
Clopidogrel 
Heparin
Statins
B-blockers
CABG
ACE inhibitors
Pain meds
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13
Q

What can a STEMI cause?

A

Atheroma
Rupture (=thrombosis)
Necrosis
Ischaemia

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14
Q

What signs show a STEMI?

A

ST elevation
increased troponin
increased CK-MB

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15
Q

What physical symptoms can show a STEMI?

A 
severe chest pain
dyspnoea
fatigue, sweaty
syncope
pale skin, clammy
decreased BP
brady/tachycardia
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16
Q

What investigations should be done for a STEMI?

A 
ECG
increased troponin and CK-MB tests
FBC
Glucose
Lipid profile
Echo
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17
Q

What can treat a STEMI?

A 
Aspirin
GTN
Oxygen
IV pain meds
ACE inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Streptokinase
Lifestyle changes
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18
Q

In Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD), what can cause it?

A 
atheroma
smoking
increase lipids
thrombosis or embolus
anaemia
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19
Q

What does IHD cause?

A 
decreased oxygen
decreased lung function
tachycardia
increased lactate
myocardial necrosis
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20
Q

What signs may show IHD?

A

pallor
oedema
yellow infarct

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of IHD?

A

angina
dyspnoea
sweating
nausea/vomiting

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22
Q

What investigations should be done for IHD?

A

ECG
increased troponin
ST depression/flat

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23
Q

How do you treat IHD?

A

decrease the risk factors
angina meds
CHD treatments
control BP well

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24
Q

What causes aortic valve disease (stenosis)?

A

rheumatic fever
congenital causes
fusion of cusps
calcification

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25
Q

What does aortic stenosis cause?

A

decreased ventricular emptying
ischaemia (then left ventricle failure)
arrhythmia

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26
Q

What are the signs of aortic stenosis?

A

ejection systolic murmur
slow rising pulse
carotid pulse with small volume

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A 
angina
dyspnoea
heart failure
palpitations
syncope
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28
Q

What investigations should be done for aortic stenosis?

A 
ECG
CXR
Echo 
ETT
LV function
Doppler
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29
Q

What is the solution for a stenosed aortic valve?

A

Insertion of prosthetic valve

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30
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?

A 
rheumatic fever
infective endocarditis
syphilis
spondylitis
increase BP
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31
Q

What can aortic regurg. cause?

A

increase left ventricle size

decreased coronary perfusion

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32
Q

What are the signs of aortic regurg?

A

collapsing pulse
dilated LV
early diastolic murmur

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic regurg?

A

asymptomatic
dyspnoea
angina
pounding heart

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34
Q

How is aortic (and mitral) regurgitation and mitral stenosis investigated?

A

ECG
CXR
Echo
Cardiac catheter

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35
Q

How is aortic regurg. treated?

A

Diuretics
Antibiotics
Prosthetic valve

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36
Q

What can cause mitral regurgitation?

A 
rheumatic fever
prolapse
myocarditis
increase BP
IHD
infective endocarditis
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37
Q

What does mitral regurg. cause?

A

atrial dilation
increased LV size
increased atrial pressure

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38
Q

What are the signs of mitral regurgitation?

A

pulmonary oedema
lateral apex beat
PS murmur (regurg during systole)
S3 sound

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39
Q

The symptoms of mitral regurg are:

A 
palpitations
dyspnoea
orthopnea 
fatigue (less CO2)
forceful heart beat
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40
Q

Mitral regurgitation is treated by:

A 
prophylaxis (infective endocarditis) 
surgical repair
prosthetic valve
ACE inhibitors
diuretics
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41
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is

A

familial

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42
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes

A

increased atrial pressure, size and dilatation

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43
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy signs include

A

asymmetric septal hypertrophy
jerky carotid pulse
ejection systolic murmur
PS murmur, S4

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44
Q

Symptoms of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy include

A 
syncope
asymptomatic
dyspnoea
pain
palpitations
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45
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be looked into with

A 
CXR
ECG
Echo
Pedigree analysis
ETT
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46
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can by treated by

A

Beta blockers
CCBs
diuretics
ablation

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47
Q

Mitral stenosis is caused by

A

rheumatic fever

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48
Q

Mitral stenosis causes

A

increased atrial pressure, size, dilatation

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49
Q

Mitral stenosis is characterised by

A 
tapping apex beat
pulmonary oedema
increased RV size
mitral facies
flush
raised JVP (in right heart failure)
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50
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy causes include

A

idiopathic causes
autoimmune
inflammation
metabolic

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51
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy can cause

A 
decreased systolic function 
heart failure (congestive)
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52
Q

Signs of dilated cardiomyopathy include

A 
congestive heart failure
raised JVP
ankle oedema
Creps
gallop rhythm
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53
Q

Symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy are

A

dyspnoea
fatigue
palpitations
syncope

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54
Q

Investigations for dilated cardiomyopathy are

A

CXR
ECG
Echo
Angiography

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55
Q

The treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy are

A 
antiarrhythms
anticoagulants
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
BBs
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56
Q

The causes of myocarditis are

A

toxins
drugs
allergies
HIV

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57
Q

Myocarditis causes

A

inflammation

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58
Q

In myocarditis there are what signs (if any)?

A 
fatigue
abnormal heart beat (fainting)
SOB (exercise + lying down at night)
sharp stabbing pain (radiates to neck/shoulders)
light-headedness
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59
Q

What are the symptoms of myocarditis?

A

fatigue
palpitations
pain

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60
Q

What investigations should be done in suspected myocarditis?

A

CXR
ECG
Viral RNA/Ab titre
Enzymes

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61
Q

What is the treatment for myocarditis?

A 
Rest 
ACE inhibitors (in heart failure)
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62
Q

What can cause acute pericarditis (and pericardial effusion)?

A 
viral
TB
bacteria
an MI
autoimmune
neoplastic
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63
Q

What does acute pericarditis cause?

A

inflammation

infection

64
Q

What are the signs of acute pericarditis?

A 
raised JVP
muffles heart sounds
a rub
fever
lymphocytosis
65
Q

What are the symptoms of acute pericarditis?

A

sharp pain when moving/respiring

sit forward for relief

66
Q

What investigations should be done in acute pericarditis?

A 
ECG
T wave flat 
enzymes
CXR
Echo
67
Q

What treats acute pericarditis?

A

Rest (self limiting)
NSAIDS (non acute phase)
steroids

68
Q

Pericardial Effusion is also known as

A

Pericardial Tamponade

69
Q

What does pericardial effusion cause?

A

right ventricle compression

tamponade

70
Q

The signs of pericardial effusion are:

A 
muffled heart sounds
raised JVP on inspiration 
tachycardia
decreased BP
paradoxical pulse
71
Q

The symptoms of pericardial effusion are:

A

Rub

Decreased heart sounds

72
Q

Investigations for pericardial effusion are

A

ECG
CXR
Echo
MRI

73
Q

Causes of constrictive pericarditis are

A

TB
Bacteria
Rheumatic fever

74
Q

Constrictive pericarditis causes

A

late stage cardiac filling
thick fibrous & calcified
loss of elasticity

75
Q

Signs of constrictive pericarditis are

A

venous congestion
oedema
raised JVP on inspiration
irregular pulse with regular heart beat

76
Q

Symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are

A 
decreased ventricle filling
dysponea
cough 
paroxysmal nocturnal dysponea (PND)
orthopnea
fatigue
atrial dilation
77
Q

Investigations for constrictive pericarditis include

A 
CXR
ECG
Echo
CT
MRI
Catheter
78
Q

Treatment for constrictive pericarditis is

A

resection

79
Q

Infective endocarditis is caused by

A

malignancy
strep. virus
staph. a
group d strep

80
Q

Infective endocarditis causes

A

abnormal structure that leads to:

  • turbulence
  • decreased pressure (Venturi effect)
  • thrombi

and bacteraemia

81
Q

Signs of infective endocarditis include

A 
a new murmur
Ruth spots (retina)
January lesions
Olsers nodes
Clubbing
82
Q

Symptoms of infective endocarditis include

A 
malaise
anorexia
fever
headache
myalgia 
dyspnoea/orthopnea
stroke
83
Q

Investigations for infective endocarditis include

A 
echo for endo ebscess
oscillating intra cardiac mass
new valve regurg
increased CRP
ECG
U&Es
CXR
84
Q

The treatment for infective endocarditis includes

A

prophylaxis
IV antibiotics
surgery

85
Q

What can be used in combo with gentamicin to treat infective endocarditis?

A

gentamicin with one of these three:

  • benzylpenicillin
  • vancomycin
  • flucloxacillin
86
Q

Heart failure is caused by

A 
LV dysfunction
valve disease
restrictive cardiomyopathy
constrictive pericarditis
arrhythmia 
MI
87
Q

Heart failure (L and R) causes:

A 
LV dysfunction
increased preload & afterload
increased myocyte necrosis
decreased CO2
fibrosis
88
Q

Signs of heart failure include:

A 
Creps
Oedema
Tachycardia
Raised JVP
S3
89
Q

Symptoms of heart failure are:

A

dyspnoea
orthopnea
fatigue
PND

90
Q

Investigations done in heart failure (LHF and RHF) are:

A

Echo
MRI
Increased BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)

91
Q

The treatment of heart failure (LHF and RHF) is

A 
ACE inhibitors
BBs
ARBs
transplant
diuretics
digoxin
92
Q

Left heart failure (LHF) is caused by

A

IHD
Raised BP
Mitral/Aortic valve disease
cardiomyopathy

93
Q

Signs of left heart failure are

A

S3
S4 gallop
apex disposition
tachycarida

94
Q

Symptoms of left heart failure are

A

fatigue
dyspnoea
orthopnea
PND

95
Q

Right heart failure (RHF) is caused by

A

LHF
cor pulmonale
tricuspid/pulmonary valve disease
left to right shunt

96
Q

Signs of RHF are

A

raised JVP
hepatomegaly
pitting oedema
pleural trans

97
Q

Symptoms of RHF include

A

fatigue
dyspnoea
anorexia
nausea

98
Q

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can cause

A

tachycardia
decreased BP (rupture)
Bruit

99
Q

Signs of an AAA are:

A

epigats –> backpain

100
Q

Investigations for an AAA include

A 
CT
Ultrasound
CXR
FBC
U&Es
101
Q

Treatment of an AAA includes

A

surgery (>5.5cm)

endovascular repair

102
Q 
What can the following events cause?
Cerebral infarct
Embolus
CHD
AF
Dilated Myopathy
A

A stroke

103
Q

What does a stroke cause?

A

haemorrhage or thromboembolism

104
Q

Symptoms of a stroke are

A

FAST abbreviation
hemiparesis
aphasia

105
Q

What does FAST stand for?

A

Face
Arms
Speech
Time to call 999

106
Q

To investigate a stroke you would do a:

A

CT
MRI
Doppler/Duplex or carotid
Angiography

107
Q

Treatment of a stroke =

A 
Statins
Anticoags 
Thrombolysis
Aspirin
Chlopidogrel
Surgery
108
Q

Raynauds is more common in

A

females

109
Q

Raynauds causes

A

vasoconstriction/spasm of digital arteries

110
Q

Signs of raynauds include

A

cyanosis
cole/pale digits
red (after reperfusion)

111
Q

Symptoms of raynauds are

A

numbness

112
Q

To treat raynauds one should

A

stop smoking

keep warm

113
Q

Atrial Fibrillation is caused by

A 
rheumatic fever
heart failure
alcoholism
infection
valvular disease
dilated myopathy
hypertension
114
Q

Atrial fibrillation leads to

A

stroke

115
Q

Sign of atrial fibrillation are

A

irregular pulse
tachycardia
increased S1 waves
absent a waves

116
Q

Investigations for atrial fibrillation are

A 
ECG
TFTs
FBC
Echo
Doppler
117
Q

Treatment for atrial fibrillation is

A

treat underlying cause
ablation
antiarrhythms
implantable cardiovert defib

118
Q

Chronic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is caused by

A

smoking
dilated myopathy
increased lipids
hypertension

119
Q

PAD can cause

A

atherosclerosis
vasculitis
buergers
dilated myopathy

120
Q

Signs of PAD are

A

cold dry skin
no hair on limbs
decreased pulses

121
Q

A symptoms of PAD is

A

cramp

122
Q

Investigations for PAD include

A

ankle-brachial pressure index

angiogram

123
Q

Treatment of PAD (and acute limb ischaemia) =

A 
surgery
angioplasty
amputate
decrease blood glucose
statins
ACE inhibitors
clopidogrel
124
Q

Embolus and Thrombi can cause what CVS disease?

A

Acute Limb Ischaemia

125
Q

Signs of acute limb ischaemia are

A

surgery

thrombolysis

126
Q

The 5Ps of acute limb ischaemia are

A 
pin 
pulseless
pallor
parathesia
paralysis

(and perishing cold)

127
Q

Investigating acute limb ischaemia involves

A

ECG
CXR
routine bloods
angiogram

128
Q

Sinus Bradycardia is caused EXTRINSICALLY by

A 
hypothermia
hypothyroid
cholestasis
drugs (BBs)
digitalis
129
Q

Sinus bradycardia is cause INTRINSICALLY by

A

SA node disease

atrial fibrosis

130
Q

Sinus bradycardia causes less

A

CO2

131
Q

Signs of sinus bradycardia are

A

PR interval 0.12 - 0.2 seconds

QRS

132
Q

Symptoms of sinus bradycardia are

A 
light headedness
dizzy
hypotension
vertigo
syncope
133
Q

Sinus bradycardia is looked into using an

A

ECG

134
Q

Heart rate in sinus bradycardia =

A

> 100bpm

135
Q

Primary AV block is caused by

A 
Av node disease
increased vagal tone
myocarditis
post MI
CCBs / BBs
digitalis
136
Q

Describe the PR interval in a primary AV block

A

0.22secs

every atrial deploy followed by ventricle contraction

137
Q

A primary AV block is ______ and has ______ signs.

It requires _______ treatment.

A

asymptomatic
no signs
no treatment

138
Q

Primary AV block investigations =

A

ECG
drug screen
electrolytes

139
Q

Secondary AV block is caused by

A

post MI

some P waves conduct, some do not

140
Q

Secondary AV block symptoms include

A

light headedness
dizziness
syncope

141
Q

Factors affecting oxygen level supply are

A 
inspired oxygen
pulmonary function
blood constituents
blood flow
vasculature integrity
tissues mechanisms
142
Q

Factors affecting oxygen demand are

A

tissues (all have different needs)

activity of tissue above baseline tissue

143
Q

IHD supply issues are

A 
coronary artery atheroma
cardiac failure
pulmonary disease/oedema/function
anaemia
previous MI
144
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis =

A

regenerative nodules with intervening fibrosis

145
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis results from

A

liver damage i.e. HBV, alcohol

146
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis causes

A

loss of normal architecture
portal blood flow blocked
local chronic congestion

147
Q

Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) is when the heart is unable to

A

clear blood from right and left ventricles

148
Q

CCF causes

A 
decreased CO
increased fluid in body and veins
RHF
pulmonary oedema (LHF)
both ventricles fail
149
Q

Peripheral Oedema is when the heart

A

cannot empty the RV in systole

150
Q

Bacteraemia causes:

A

brushing teeth, bowel movements
invasive procedures
extra-cardiac infections
gingival disease

151
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome is a weakness in

A

connective tissues

152
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome can cause _____ in the eyes?

A 
cataracts
lens dislocation 
retinal detachment
glaucoma
myopia
153
Q

Characteristics of Marfan’s include

A

tall, slim
long legs/arms/hands
small lower jaw
loose/flexy joints

154
Q

Other issues caused my Marfan’s include

A 
scoliosis
aortic aneurysm 
mitral/tricuspid issues
stretch marks
dural ectasia
spondylolisthesis
155
Q

Treatment of Arrhythmias includes

A

warfarin
dabigatran
rivaroxaban
apixaban

156
Q

Type 1A anti arrhythmic agents are ____ and affect ____ wave

A

fast K+ and Na+ channel blockers

QRS complex

157
Q

Type 1B anti arrhythmic agents are and ______ to the QRS?

A

fast Na+ channel blockers

prolong QRS in overdose

Term 2 - CVS and Resp (8 decks)

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