CVS Anatomy Flashcards
The tunica intimate is made up of:
simple squamous epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissue
The tunica media is made up of:
smooth muscle tissue
elastic tissue
The tunica adventitia is made up of:
fibrous connective tissue
Arteries have a smaller _____ than paired veins
diameter
Artery walls are ______ than paired veins
thicker
Arteries have
thick media
thin adventitia
Veins have
thin media
thick adventitia
Examples of elastic, large conducting arteries are
aorta
common carotid
pulmonary artery
Examples of muscular, distributing arteries are
coronary arteries
radial
femoral
Arterioles are
terminal branches that supply blood to capillary bed
In systole, elastic arteries are _______
stretched
Muscular arteries control
distribution of blood to regions
In muscular arteries, there are no
elastic lamina (between muscle cells in T. media)
In muscular arteries, the T. media is
thick
made of smooth muscle cells
In muscular arteries, the elastic sheets are
the IEL (internal elastic lamina) the EEL (external elastic lamina)
In elastic arteries, elastic fibres are
excessively found in T. media in layers called laminae
Arterioles don’t have 2 layers, they are:
No IEL
No T. Adventitia
Capillaries don’t have 2 layers, they are:
No T. media
No T. Adventitia
What are pericytes?
incomplete layer of cells surrounding basement membrane
Continous capillaries do what?
Control exchange
Selective transport
Fenestrated capillaries do what?
have pores
filter molecules by molecular weight and/or charge
Discontinuous capillaries do what?
large amount of exchange
T. intima contains phagocytic cells
In veins, the following layers are what? T. intima is \_\_\_\_\_ IEL and EEL are \_\_\_\_\_\_ T. media is \_\_\_\_\_\_ T. adventitia is \_\_\_\_\_\_
thin
thin/absent
thin/absent
collagenous tissue
Valves help prevent
back flow of blood
Superficial vs Deep veins regarding support:
Superficial
- thick walled
- no surrounding supports
Deep
- thin walled
- support from deep fascia and muscles
The lymphatic system drains into
the systemic venous system
Lymphatic system is clinically important regarding
metastases of tumour cells/cancer
Lymph capillaries contain
thin endothelium no fenestrations blind ends no basal lamina no RBCs in lumen
The nerve supply to the skin is
sympathetic
The heart supply to the heart is
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Ischaemia =
reduction in blood supply
Infarction =
total cut off of blood supply = tissue death
Common Iliac arteries arise in
L4, iliac fossae
External iliac arteries arise at
L5, become femoral artery
Internal iliac arteries arise at
L5, supply pelvic viscera
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
L4
The common iliac artery bifurcates at
L5
The common iliac turns into the _____ artery and supplies _______
femoral
whole lower limb
The superior mediastinum contains which great arteries?
aortic arach
brachiocephalic
left common carotid
left subclavian
Superior mediastinum contains which veins?
brachiocephalic
upper half of SVC
Superior mediastinum contains which 2 nerves?
vagus
phrenic
The superior mediastinum contains which two related structures?
trachea
oesophagus
The inferior mediastinum is split into three things
anterior
middle
posterior
The anterior inferior mediastinum contains
the thymus (disappears after puberty)
The middle inferior mediastinum contains
heart
pericardium
roots of great vessels
arch of azygous
The posterior mediastinum contains
descending aorta oesophagus thoracic duct azygous vein sympathetic chain
Right border of heart =
right atrium
Left border of heart =
mainly left ventricle (with lil bit of left auricle)
Inferior border of heart =
mainly right ventricle (lil bit of left too)
Superior border of heart =
R + L atria (auricles in anterior views)
Anterior/sternocostal heart surface =
left ventricle mostly
Posterior surface/base of heart =
left atrium
Inferior/diaphragmatic heart surface =
R + L ventricle (mostly left)
Heart valve listening order =
PAMT
Beginning and termination of aorta arch =
T4
Azygous vein drains into _______ from ________
SVC
Posterior thoracic wall
The right posterior mediastinum drains into the
azygous vein
The left posterior mediastinum drains into the
hemiazygous vein(s) at T8/9
3 main branches of SVC =
L + R brachiocephalic veins
azygous vein
2 main tributaries of IVC =
L + R common iliac veins
Subclavian artery becomes the axillary at the end of the
collar bone
Brachial artery branches into _____ + _____ under the ________
radial, ulnar
elbow
radial is more ____________ than ulnar
superficial
median cubital vein is found in the
cubital fossa (superficial)
median cubital vein used as
entry site for a drip
Pulse points =
carotid apex beat brachial radial abdominal aorta femoral popliteal posterior tibial dorsalis pedis
posterior tibial enters foot where?
sole of food inferior to medial malleolus
DVT =
clot/thrombus in deep vein (mostly in legs)
PE =
detachment/embolisation of clot that travels to lungs
varicose veins appear
twisted, large
varicose veins are caused by
leaflets of valves not working = valvular incompetence
varicose veins allow blood to
flow backwards in veins = enlargement
the great saphenous vein drains into the
femoral vein
small saphenous vein drains into the
popliteal vein
great and small saphenous veins arise from
dorsal venous arch (top/dorsum of foot)
the pericardium covers the ______ and is made of _________ epithelium
heart
simple squamous
the outermost layer of the heart is made of ______ and is called the _______
dense fibrous connective tissue
fibrous pericardium
order the layers of the heart from inside to outside
endocardium myocardium epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) pericardial cavity parietal layer of serous pericardium fibrous pericardium
what is the function of the outer pericardium?
protects heart
anchors to surrounding walls
prevents overfilling
what layer belongs to both the heart wall and serous pericardium?
epicardium
what layer is permanently attached to the inner side of the fibrous pericardium?
parietal layer of serous pericardium
what is cardiac tamponade?
excess fluid gathers in pericardial cavity
what does cardiac tamponade cause?
increased P exerted by the excess fluid on the heart wall impedes hearts ability to pump
describe the innervation of the visceral pericardium (and heart wall)
autonomic innervation from T1-4 nerves and vagus (via cardiac plexus)
the parietal and fibrous layers are innervated by
phrenic nerve
which layers of the heart have pain fibres?
fibrous pericardium
parietal serous pericardium
the left atrium is situated
superior posterior of heart
the left atrium lies anterior to the
oesophagus
auricles increase what?
capacity of atria
volume of blood heart can contain
the apex is formed by the
left ventricle mainly
the apex is found at the
5th intercostal space midclavicular line
the fossa ovals is found in the
right atrium
the fossa ovals is a remnant of
foramen ovale in foetus
function of foramen ovale =
allows oxygenated blood coming from umbilical vein (via the IVC) to bypass the lungs
ASD (atrial septal defect) is a congenital heart condition that causes a defect in the intertribal septum. What does this cause?
allows pulmonary venous blood return from left atrium to enter the right atrium directly
what is the moderator band?
connects IV septum with anterior wall of right ventricle
what is the function of the moderator band?
primary conduction path into free wall
which ventricle is thicker and by how much?
left x 3
why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?
it pumps blood to the whole body, right had side only pumps blood to the lungs
the left ventricle contains which valves? how many cusps do they have?
mitral valve (2 cusps - bicuspid) aortic valve (3 cusps)
the left ventricle contains which valves? how many cusps do they have?
tricuspid valve (3) pulmonary valve (3)
the papillary muscles attach to the valve cusps via the
chordae tendinae
what are the chord tendinae?
tendons that connect papillary muscles to cusps of valves (tricuspid and mitral in ventricles)
blood supply of heart wall =
L + R coronary arteries/branches
blood from heart wall drains into
cardiac veins (to cardiac sinus) to the RA
where are the cardiac arteries and veins?
lie together in atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus and inter ventricular sulci of heart wall
list the main coronary arteries of the heart
right coronary (branches into right marginal) left anterior descending circumflex left main posterior interventricular
coronary arteries arise from
aortic sinuses at root of the ascending aorta
right and left main coronary arteries anastomose in the
coronary sulcus
circumflex and left anterior descending arteries anastomose in the
interventricular sulcus
where does the right coronary supply?
RA, RV
AV node + bundle
SA node
where does the left coronary artery supply?
both ventricles, IV septum
left atrium
SA node partly
great cardiac veins lie alongside the _____ in the ______
anterior interventricular artery
anterior interventricular groove
middle cardiac veins lie alongside ______ in the _________
posterior interventricular artery
posterior interventricular groove
small cardiac veins lie alongside the _______ in the __________
right coronary artery
right inferior margin of heart
the coronary sulcus lies alongside the _______ in the __________
circumflex artery
IV sulcus on posterior surface of heart
anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the _____ via the ________
right atrium
coronary sulcus
venae cordis minimae are small veins which drain the ______ to the ________
heart wall
each chamber of the heart
lymphatics from the heart drain to the
tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes
cardiac cells regenerate poorly or well?
poorly
motor fibres innervate/influence the heart nodes, these are called
Purkinje fibres
The SA node lies near the
opening of the SVC in RA
AV node lies in the
inferior part of ventricular septum
AV bundle of His lies on
each side of ventricular septum
describe the pain felt in cardiac ischaemia
carried to levels T1-4 of spinal cord via afferent fibres within symp nerves supplying heart
in cardiac ischaemia, a severe constricting pain is felt
on anterior chest wall
medial left arm
(referred pain)
heart valves are formed from the
tunica intima of vessels
conducting arteries are close to the
heart
elastic, distribuation arteries are found
further from heart
muscular
arterioles stem from
muscular arteries
pulmonary valve is found
2nd ic space, left of sternum
aortic valve is found
2nd ic space, right of sternum
mitral (bicuspid) valve is found
5th ic space, midclavicular line
tricuspid valve is found
5th ic space, left sternal edge
the pectinate muscles are
muscle ridges found in RA
pectinate muscles functions
increases force of the atrial contraction without increasing heart mass
the opening behing the aorta is the
pulmonary valve
joined to the parietal layer is the
fibrous pericardium
the aortic arch can be found at level
T4
the heart takes up _____% of the thorax
50%
the carina is where the
trachea bifurcates
the carina is described as the
last C shaped ring of tracheal cartilage
the C shaped rings of the trachea are completed by the
trachealis muscle
the rib space corresponds to the space _____ its matching rib
below
T4 dermatome = what structure(s)
nipples
T10 dermatome = what structure(s)
belly button (umbilicus)
Name the 2 muscles in the costal sulcus
internal +
innermost intercostal muscles
the 2nd costal cartilage articulates with
lateral facet at manubriosternal joint
in a histological image of the alveoli, what predominant tissue is shown?
connective elastic tissue
patent ductus arteriosus is
failure of the duct between aorta and pulmonary artery to close before birth
the tracheobronchial nodes drain the
left main bronchus
