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Term 2 - CVS and Resp > CVS Anatomy > Flashcards

CVS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The tunica intimate is made up of:

A

simple squamous epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissue

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2
Q

The tunica media is made up of:

A

smooth muscle tissue

elastic tissue

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3
Q

The tunica adventitia is made up of:

A

fibrous connective tissue

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4
Q

Arteries have a smaller _____ than paired veins

A

diameter

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5
Q

Artery walls are ______ than paired veins

A

thicker

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6
Q

Arteries have

A

thick media

thin adventitia

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7
Q

Veins have

A

thin media

thick adventitia

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8
Q

Examples of elastic, large conducting arteries are

A

aorta
common carotid
pulmonary artery

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9
Q

Examples of muscular, distributing arteries are

A

coronary arteries
radial
femoral

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10
Q

Arterioles are

A

terminal branches that supply blood to capillary bed

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11
Q

In systole, elastic arteries are _______

A

stretched

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12
Q

Muscular arteries control

A

distribution of blood to regions

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13
Q

In muscular arteries, there are no

A

elastic lamina (between muscle cells in T. media)

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14
Q

In muscular arteries, the T. media is

A

thick

made of smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

In muscular arteries, the elastic sheets are

A 
the IEL (internal elastic lamina)
the EEL (external elastic lamina)
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16
Q

In elastic arteries, elastic fibres are

A

excessively found in T. media in layers called laminae

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17
Q

Arterioles don’t have 2 layers, they are:

A

No IEL

No T. Adventitia

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18
Q

Capillaries don’t have 2 layers, they are:

A

No T. media

No T. Adventitia

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19
Q

What are pericytes?

A

incomplete layer of cells surrounding basement membrane

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20
Q

Continous capillaries do what?

A

Control exchange

Selective transport

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21
Q

Fenestrated capillaries do what?

A

have pores

filter molecules by molecular weight and/or charge

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22
Q

Discontinuous capillaries do what?

A

large amount of exchange

T. intima contains phagocytic cells

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23
Q 
In veins, the following layers are what?
T. intima is \_\_\_\_\_
IEL and EEL are \_\_\_\_\_\_
T. media is \_\_\_\_\_\_
T. adventitia is \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

thin
thin/absent
thin/absent
collagenous tissue

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24
Q

Valves help prevent

A

back flow of blood

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25
Q

Superficial vs Deep veins regarding support:

A

Superficial

  • thick walled
  • no surrounding supports

Deep

  • thin walled
  • support from deep fascia and muscles
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26
Q

The lymphatic system drains into

A

the systemic venous system

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27
Q

Lymphatic system is clinically important regarding

A

metastases of tumour cells/cancer

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28
Q

Lymph capillaries contain

A 
thin endothelium
no fenestrations
blind ends
no basal lamina
no RBCs in lumen
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29
Q

The nerve supply to the skin is

A

sympathetic

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30
Q

The heart supply to the heart is

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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31
Q

Ischaemia =

A

reduction in blood supply

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32
Q

Infarction =

A

total cut off of blood supply = tissue death

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33
Q

Common Iliac arteries arise in

A

L4, iliac fossae

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34
Q

External iliac arteries arise at

A

L5, become femoral artery

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35
Q

Internal iliac arteries arise at

A

L5, supply pelvic viscera

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36
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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37
Q

The common iliac artery bifurcates at

A

L5

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38
Q

The common iliac turns into the _____ artery and supplies _______

A

femoral

whole lower limb

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39
Q

The superior mediastinum contains which great arteries?

A

aortic arach
brachiocephalic
left common carotid
left subclavian

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40
Q

Superior mediastinum contains which veins?

A

brachiocephalic

upper half of SVC

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41
Q

Superior mediastinum contains which 2 nerves?

A

vagus

phrenic

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42
Q

The superior mediastinum contains which two related structures?

A

trachea

oesophagus

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43
Q

The inferior mediastinum is split into three things

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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44
Q

The anterior inferior mediastinum contains

A

the thymus (disappears after puberty)

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45
Q

The middle inferior mediastinum contains

A

heart
pericardium
roots of great vessels
arch of azygous

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46
Q

The posterior mediastinum contains

A 
descending aorta
oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygous vein
sympathetic chain
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47
Q

Right border of heart =

A

right atrium

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48
Q

Left border of heart =

A

mainly left ventricle (with lil bit of left auricle)

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49
Q

Inferior border of heart =

A

mainly right ventricle (lil bit of left too)

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50
Q

Superior border of heart =

A

R + L atria (auricles in anterior views)

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51
Q

Anterior/sternocostal heart surface =

A

left ventricle mostly

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52
Q

Posterior surface/base of heart =

A

left atrium

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53
Q

Inferior/diaphragmatic heart surface =

A

R + L ventricle (mostly left)

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54
Q

Heart valve listening order =

A

PAMT

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55
Q

Beginning and termination of aorta arch =

A

T4

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56
Q

Azygous vein drains into _______ from ________

A

SVC

Posterior thoracic wall

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57
Q

The right posterior mediastinum drains into the

A

azygous vein

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58
Q

The left posterior mediastinum drains into the

A

hemiazygous vein(s) at T8/9

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59
Q

3 main branches of SVC =

A

L + R brachiocephalic veins

azygous vein

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60
Q

2 main tributaries of IVC =

A

L + R common iliac veins

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61
Q

Subclavian artery becomes the axillary at the end of the

A

collar bone

62
Q

Brachial artery branches into _____ + _____ under the ________

A

radial, ulnar

elbow

63
Q

radial is more ____________ than ulnar

A

superficial

64
Q

median cubital vein is found in the

A

cubital fossa (superficial)

65
Q

median cubital vein used as

A

entry site for a drip

66
Q

Pulse points =

A 
carotid
apex beat
brachial
radial
abdominal aorta
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial 
dorsalis pedis
67
Q

posterior tibial enters foot where?

A

sole of food inferior to medial malleolus

68
Q

DVT =

A

clot/thrombus in deep vein (mostly in legs)

69
Q

PE =

A

detachment/embolisation of clot that travels to lungs

70
Q

varicose veins appear

A

twisted, large

71
Q

varicose veins are caused by

A

leaflets of valves not working = valvular incompetence

72
Q

varicose veins allow blood to

A

flow backwards in veins = enlargement

73
Q

the great saphenous vein drains into the

A

femoral vein

74
Q

small saphenous vein drains into the

A

popliteal vein

75
Q

great and small saphenous veins arise from

A

dorsal venous arch (top/dorsum of foot)

76
Q

the pericardium covers the ______ and is made of _________ epithelium

A

heart

simple squamous

77
Q

the outermost layer of the heart is made of ______ and is called the _______

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

fibrous pericardium

78
Q

order the layers of the heart from inside to outside

A 
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
pericardial cavity 
parietal layer of serous pericardium
fibrous pericardium
79
Q

what is the function of the outer pericardium?

A

protects heart
anchors to surrounding walls
prevents overfilling

80
Q

what layer belongs to both the heart wall and serous pericardium?

A

epicardium

81
Q

what layer is permanently attached to the inner side of the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer of serous pericardium

82
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

excess fluid gathers in pericardial cavity

83
Q

what does cardiac tamponade cause?

A

increased P exerted by the excess fluid on the heart wall impedes hearts ability to pump

84
Q

describe the innervation of the visceral pericardium (and heart wall)

A

autonomic innervation from T1-4 nerves and vagus (via cardiac plexus)

85
Q

the parietal and fibrous layers are innervated by

A

phrenic nerve

86
Q

which layers of the heart have pain fibres?

A

fibrous pericardium

parietal serous pericardium

87
Q

the left atrium is situated

A

superior posterior of heart

88
Q

the left atrium lies anterior to the

A

oesophagus

89
Q

auricles increase what?

A

capacity of atria

volume of blood heart can contain

90
Q

the apex is formed by the

A

left ventricle mainly

91
Q

the apex is found at the

A

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

92
Q

the fossa ovals is found in the

A

right atrium

93
Q

the fossa ovals is a remnant of

A

foramen ovale in foetus

94
Q

function of foramen ovale =

A

allows oxygenated blood coming from umbilical vein (via the IVC) to bypass the lungs

95
Q

ASD (atrial septal defect) is a congenital heart condition that causes a defect in the intertribal septum. What does this cause?

A

allows pulmonary venous blood return from left atrium to enter the right atrium directly

96
Q

what is the moderator band?

A

connects IV septum with anterior wall of right ventricle

97
Q

what is the function of the moderator band?

A

primary conduction path into free wall

98
Q

which ventricle is thicker and by how much?

A

left x 3

99
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

it pumps blood to the whole body, right had side only pumps blood to the lungs

100
Q

the left ventricle contains which valves? how many cusps do they have?

A 
mitral valve (2 cusps - bicuspid)
aortic valve (3 cusps)
101
Q

the left ventricle contains which valves? how many cusps do they have?

A 
tricuspid valve (3)
pulmonary valve (3)
102
Q

the papillary muscles attach to the valve cusps via the

A

chordae tendinae

103
Q

what are the chord tendinae?

A

tendons that connect papillary muscles to cusps of valves (tricuspid and mitral in ventricles)

104
Q

blood supply of heart wall =

A

L + R coronary arteries/branches

105
Q

blood from heart wall drains into

A

cardiac veins (to cardiac sinus) to the RA

106
Q

where are the cardiac arteries and veins?

A

lie together in atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus and inter ventricular sulci of heart wall

107
Q

list the main coronary arteries of the heart

A 
right coronary (branches into right marginal) 
left anterior descending
circumflex
left main
posterior interventricular
108
Q

coronary arteries arise from

A

aortic sinuses at root of the ascending aorta

109
Q

right and left main coronary arteries anastomose in the

A

coronary sulcus

110
Q

circumflex and left anterior descending arteries anastomose in the

A

interventricular sulcus

111
Q

where does the right coronary supply?

A

RA, RV
AV node + bundle
SA node

112
Q

where does the left coronary artery supply?

A

both ventricles, IV septum
left atrium
SA node partly

113
Q

great cardiac veins lie alongside the _____ in the ______

A

anterior interventricular artery

anterior interventricular groove

114
Q

middle cardiac veins lie alongside ______ in the _________

A

posterior interventricular artery

posterior interventricular groove

115
Q

small cardiac veins lie alongside the _______ in the __________

A

right coronary artery

right inferior margin of heart

116
Q

the coronary sulcus lies alongside the _______ in the __________

A

circumflex artery

IV sulcus on posterior surface of heart

117
Q

anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the _____ via the ________

A

right atrium

coronary sulcus

118
Q

venae cordis minimae are small veins which drain the ______ to the ________

A

heart wall

each chamber of the heart

119
Q

lymphatics from the heart drain to the

A

tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes

120
Q

cardiac cells regenerate poorly or well?

A

poorly

121
Q

motor fibres innervate/influence the heart nodes, these are called

A

Purkinje fibres

122
Q

The SA node lies near the

A

opening of the SVC in RA

123
Q

AV node lies in the

A

inferior part of ventricular septum

124
Q

AV bundle of His lies on

A

each side of ventricular septum

125
Q

describe the pain felt in cardiac ischaemia

A

carried to levels T1-4 of spinal cord via afferent fibres within symp nerves supplying heart

126
Q

in cardiac ischaemia, a severe constricting pain is felt

A

on anterior chest wall
medial left arm
(referred pain)

127
Q

heart valves are formed from the

A

tunica intima of vessels

128
Q

conducting arteries are close to the

A

heart

129
Q

elastic, distribuation arteries are found

A

further from heart

muscular

130
Q

arterioles stem from

A

muscular arteries

131
Q

pulmonary valve is found

A

2nd ic space, left of sternum

132
Q

aortic valve is found

A

2nd ic space, right of sternum

133
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve is found

A

5th ic space, midclavicular line

134
Q

tricuspid valve is found

A

5th ic space, left sternal edge

135
Q

the pectinate muscles are

A

muscle ridges found in RA

136
Q

pectinate muscles functions

A

increases force of the atrial contraction without increasing heart mass

137
Q

the opening behing the aorta is the

A

pulmonary valve

138
Q

joined to the parietal layer is the

A

fibrous pericardium

139
Q

the aortic arch can be found at level

A

T4

140
Q

the heart takes up _____% of the thorax

A

50%

141
Q

the carina is where the

A

trachea bifurcates

142
Q

the carina is described as the

A

last C shaped ring of tracheal cartilage

143
Q

the C shaped rings of the trachea are completed by the

A

trachealis muscle

144
Q

the rib space corresponds to the space _____ its matching rib

A

below

145
Q

T4 dermatome = what structure(s)

A

nipples

146
Q

T10 dermatome = what structure(s)

A

belly button (umbilicus)

147
Q

Name the 2 muscles in the costal sulcus

A

internal +

innermost intercostal muscles

148
Q

the 2nd costal cartilage articulates with

A

lateral facet at manubriosternal joint

149
Q

in a histological image of the alveoli, what predominant tissue is shown?

A

connective elastic tissue

150
Q

patent ductus arteriosus is

A

failure of the duct between aorta and pulmonary artery to close before birth

151
Q

the tracheobronchial nodes drain the

A

left main bronchus

Term 2 - CVS and Resp (8 decks)

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