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cardiovascular system year 1 > CVS anatomy pre-practical > Flashcards

CVS anatomy pre-practical Flashcards

1
Q

where does the mediastinum lie

A

between the right and left pleurae it extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind

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2
Q

which thoracic organs does

A

all except the lungs

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3
Q

into how many parts is the mediastinum divided

A

2 - inferior and superior

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4
Q

into how many parts is the inferior mediastinum divided into and what are these relative to

A

3 - anterior, middle, posterior the pericardium middle contains the pericardium and its contents

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5
Q

what are the main contents of the superior mediastinum

A

glandular plane - thymus venous plane - brachiocephalic vein, SVC arterial - nervous plane - branch of aortic arch, vagus and phrenic nerve visceral plane - trachea, oesophagus lyphatic plane - thoracic duct

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6
Q

what is the vena cava formed from

A

the union of the 2 brachiocephalic veins

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7
Q

what does the anterior mediastinum contain

A

thymus lymph nodes fat

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8
Q

what are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum

A

oesophagus and vagus nerve azygos vein sympathetic trunk thoracic duct descending aorta splanchnic nerve

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of pericardia

A

fibrous and serous

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10
Q

describe the layers of the serous pericardium

A

outer parietal layer inner visceral layer = epicardium

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11
Q

what is the pericardial cavity

A

between parietal and visceral layers filled with fluid

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12
Q

what is the epicardium composed of

A

endothelial cells and a thin layer of fat and connective tissue

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13
Q

main identification features of the right atrium

A

openings for: IVC, SVC, coronary sinus interatrial septum fossa ovalis in septum musculi pectinati tricuspid valve

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14
Q

what is the fossa ovalis known as before birth and what is its function

A

foramen ovali allows blood to travel between the L and RA as the blood doesnt need to travel to the lungs hole closes up when the baby is born

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15
Q

main identification features of right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve (3 cusps, chordae tendineae, 3x papillary muscles) trabeculae carneae moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum) opening for the pulmonary trunk IV septum

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16
Q

what are trabeculae carneae

A

contractile fleshy struts surfactant for the ventricle allows the ventricle to re-expand following contraction prevents suction that would occur with flat surface and thus impair the heart’s ability to pump efficiently the papillary muscles are a specialised form of trabeculae carneae

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17
Q

what is the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum)

A

one of the fleshy trabeculae that attaches to the anterior wall of the right ventricle and holds it together (wall is 3x thinner than the LV wall)

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18
Q

main identification features of the left atrium

A

openings for L+R sup pulmonary veins, L+R inf pulmonary veins bicuspid (mitral) valve smooth walled, small chamber, lies wholly posterio-superiorly against the oesophagus forms base of heat

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19
Q

main identification features of the left ventricle

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve ( 2 valve cusps, chordae tendinae, 2x papillary muscles) trabeculae carneae opening for aorta Interventricular septum wall 3x as thick as RV wall no need for moderator band forms apex of heart

20
Q

which vertebrae does the heart lie opposite in the recumbent position

A

T5-8

21
Q

where is the apex of the heart located

A

5th left intercostal space, mid-clavicular line left ventricle

22
Q

where is the base of the heart

A

wholly posterior left atrium

23
Q

where is the R border of the heart

A

SVC and right atrium

24
Q

where is the left border of the heart

A

aortic arch and left ventricle

25
Q

what forms the anterior surface of the heart

A

R atrium (1/4) R ventricle (1/2) L ventricle (1/4)

26
Q

what are the main arteries, veins and lymphatics of the trunk and chest wall

A

internal thoracic artery - gives of anterior IC arteries internal thoracic vein - recieves anterior thoracic veins descending aorta inferior vena cava azygos vein thoracic duct

27
Q

where do the IVC and SVC lie in relation to the aorta

A

to the R of it

28
Q

main arteries of the upper limb

A

subclavian arises from aortic arch subclavian becomes axillary at lateral border of 1st rib axillary becomes brachial at inferior border of teres major muscle brachial divides into radial and ulnar in cubital fossa radial and ulnar form palmar arches in the palm of the hand which give off digital arteries

29
Q

superficial veins of the upper limb

A

arise from the dorsal and venous arch on the back of the hand

cephalic travels up the limb on the lateral side, drains into axillary vein below clavicle

basilic travels up limb on medial side, becomes continuous with brachial veins (deep veins accompanying brachial artery)

median cubital connects cephalic and basilic across cubital fossa

30
Q

main arteries of the lower limb

A

external iliac becomes common femoral in anterior thigh

common femoral gives off superficial and deep femoral arteries

superficial becomes popliteal in popliteal fossa

popliteal gives of anterior and posterior tibial in leg

posterior tibial gives of fibular (peroneal) and continues medially down to plantar surface of foot (medial and latral arteries)

anterior tibial continues down anteriorly to dorsum of foot where it becomes dorsalis pedis between 1st and 2nd toes

31
Q

superficial veins of lower limb

A

superficial veins arise from dorsal arch of foot

long saphenous travels up the limb medially to drain into femoral

short saphenous travels up the limb posteriorly to drain into popliteal

popliteal becomes femoral proximally

femoral becomes external iliac proximally

superficial veins drain inot deep veins

32
Q

superficial arterial pulse points of the body

A

superficial tempora and facial - branches of external carotid

common carotid - branch of aortic arch

brachial - continuation of axillary

radial - lateral branch of brachial

femoral - continuation of external iliac

popliteal - continuation of femoral

posterior tibial - branch of popliteal

dorsalis pedis - continuation of anterior tibial

33
Q

coronary arterial supply of the heart

A

right coronary artery

left coronary artery

anastamoses - anterior and posterior descending, circumflex and RCA

34
Q

right coronary artery

A

arises from R aortic sinus of ascending aorta

runs in coronary (AV sulcus)

at inferior margin of heart it gives off right marginal artery

on posterior surface of heart RCA gives of posterior descending aorta

35
Q

LCA

A

arises from left aortic sinus of ascending aorta

runs in coronary sulcus

divides almost immediately into L anterior descening attery (in interventricular sulcus) and circumflex artery

36
Q

coronary artery anastamoses

A

anterior and posterior descending

circumflex and RCA

occur on posterior surface of the heart

37
Q

which 2 major sulci contain the branches of the coronary arteries

A

coronary (atrioventricular) sulcur - between atria and ventricles

interventricular sulcus - between L and R ventricles

38
Q

which coronary artery is known as the artery of death

A

anterior interventricular artery

39
Q

venous drainage of the heart

A

great cardiac vein lies alongside anterior interventricular artery

middle cardiac vein lies alongside posterior interventricular artery

small cardiac vein lies alongside right marginal artery

all above drain into the coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex artery

the coronary sinus drains into the right atrium

anterior cardiac veins draind directly into the right atrium

40
Q

what sets the rate of contraction of the heartthe

A

the inherent rate of contraction is set by a small group of specialised cardiac cells found in the SAN

this rate can be altered by the autonomic nervous system

41
Q

what nerves innervate the heart

A

phrenic nerve

vagus nerve

sympathetic fibres

42
Q

how does the phrenic nerve innervate the heart

A

innervates the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium

carries pain sensation

43
Q

how does the vagus nerve innervate the heart

A

innervates heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium

decreases heart rate

44
Q

how do sympathetic fibres innervate the heart

A

from the cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia

innervate the the heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium

increase heart rate and force of contraction

45
Q

internal innervation of the heart (conduction)

A

signals arising in the SAN stimulate the atria to contract and travel to the AVN

after a delay, the stimulus is conducted thorugh the bundle of his to L and R branches and Purkinje fibres to the endocarium at the apex of the heart then finally to the ventricular epicardium

cardiovascular system year 1 (13 decks)

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