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cardiovascular system year 1 > CVS anatomy > Flashcards

CVS anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

heart - pump
blood vessels
lymphatics

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2
Q

what are the functions of the 3 types of blood vessesl

A

arteries - distribute blood away from heart
capillaries - exchange nutrients
veins - collect and return blood to the heart

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3
Q

what is the function of the lymphatics

A

drain XS extracellular fluid from tissues

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4
Q

what happens if XS fluid builds up in tissues

A

oedema

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5
Q

where is the CVS located

A

heart - middle mediastinum
blood vessels - everywhere except cartilage
lymphatics - everywhere except brain and eyes

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

block of structures standing in between the 2 pleural cavities

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7
Q

where is the superior mediastinum located

A

above the sternal angle up to the first rib

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8
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum located

A

below the sternal angle down to the diaphragm

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9
Q

what is the inferior mediastinum split up into

A

anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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10
Q

what is located in the middle mediastinum

A

the heart

this is the biggest mediastinum

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11
Q

describe the anterior mediastinum

A

it is small
thin cleft between the pericardium and the sternum
contains fat, fibrous tissue and sternal pericardial ligament

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12
Q

what is located in the posterior mediastinum

A

aorta, oesophagus, sympathetic chains

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13
Q

what are the 2 main circulations

A

pulmonary: heart, lungs, heart
systemic: heart, body, heart

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14
Q

what are the other types of circulation apart from the 2 main ones

A

portal systems: hepatic portal circulation

lymphatic system

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15
Q

what are portal systems

A

seen in the liver, pituitary and hypothalamus

set of veins that being in the vein, break up into capillaries and ends up in veins again

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16
Q

how is the heart orientated

A

faces slightly to the left and downwards

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17
Q

what are the great vessels of the heart

A

L and R pulmonary veins (enter the L atrium posteriorly)
superior and inferior vena cava
R and L pulmonary artery (join to form the pulmonary trunk)
aorta - ascending, aortic arch, descenfing

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18
Q

where is the aortic arch loctaed

A

T4

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19
Q

what chamber forms the apex of the heart

A

L ventricle

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20
Q

which chamber forms the base of the heart

A

L atrium

sits posteriorly
lies in front of the oesophagus

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21
Q

which vessels enter the R atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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22
Q

which vessels leave the R ventricle

A

L and R pulmonary artery

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23
Q

which vessels enter the L atrium

A

L and R pulmonary veins

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24
Q

which vessels leave the L ventricle

A

aorta

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25
Q

what is the thymus gland

A

dissipates at puberty

fibrous fatty mass remains that lies in the anterior mediastinum

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26
Q

where does the heart lie in recumbent position

A

vertebra T5-T8 (middle 4 T vertebrae)

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27
Q

where is the apex of the heart located

A

5th L intercostal space in the midclavicular line

some references say 4th IC space

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28
Q

where is the LA located

A

wholly posterior

lies in front of the oesophagus

29
Q

why does the heart move up and down

A

as you breath - attached to the diaphragm

gravity - drops slightly as you stand up (T6-9)

30
Q

what is the position of the heart in children

A

higher up and lies more horizontal

31
Q

what is situs inversus

A

dextrocardia

heart has swung to R side of chest rather than L

32
Q

anterior anatomical relations of the heart

A

sternum and costal cartilages 4-7
anterior edges of the lungs and pleura - cover the front of the heart
thymic remnants

33
Q

posterior anatomical relations of the heart

A

oesophagus
descening aorta
thoracic vertebrae 5-8

34
Q

lateral anatomical relations of the heart

A

lungs

phrenic nerve

35
Q

inferior anatomical relations of the heart

A

central tendon of diaphragm

heart sits on and is attached to the central tendon

36
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

endocardium - innermost
myocardium
epicardium - outermost

37
Q

describe the endocardium

A

lines heart chambers
single layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) sitting on BM and connective tissue
forms valves

38
Q

describe the myocardium

A

thick middle layer of heart wall
cardiac muscle
branching fibres w/ single central nu, myocytes connected by intercalated discs
many mitochondria
rich capillary bed
muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen

39
Q

describe the epicardium

A

outer layer of heart wall
simple squamous epithelium lying on BM with a thin layer of connective tissue underneath
contains main branches of coronary arteries
may be fatty

40
Q

what is epicardium epithelium also known as

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium

41
Q

descibe all the layers of the heart from inner to outer

A 
endocardium 
myocardium 
epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
pericardial cavity
parietal layer of serous pericardium 
fibrous pericardium
42
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

layer around the visceral and parietal pericardium, protective function (dense, connective tissue)

43
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries

A

supply the tissue of the heart with oxygenated blood

44
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

R and L atrium

R and L ventricle

45
Q

how is the direction of blood flow in the heart controlled

A

valves

46
Q

what is carried in the vena cava

A

deoxy blood from body

47
Q

what is carried in the pulmonary artery

A

deoxy blood to lungs

48
Q

what is carried in the pulmonary vein

A

oxy blood from lungs

49
Q

what is carried in the aorta

A

oxy blood to rest of body

50
Q

what forms the R boreder of the heart

A

R atrium (mainly)

51
Q

what forms the inferior border of the heart

A

R and L ventricle

52
Q

what forms the L border of the heart

A

L ventricle

53
Q

what forms the superior border of the heart

A

the great vessels

54
Q

define cusps

A

thin structures derived from endocardium

55
Q

do herat valves work actively or passively

A

passively

56
Q

what 2 structures prevent valve failure and how

A

chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
prevent the valves inverting

57
Q

why are heart valves clinically important

A

abnormalities - incompetence (widening, blood flows out and leaks back)
stenosis (narrowing, blood can’t get through)

infection - bacterial endocarditis, valve can be destroyed

58
Q

what are the 4 heart valves

A

pulmonary valve
aortic valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve

59
Q

which valves are semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

each have 3 cusps

60
Q

which type of valve is the L AV valve

A

mitral valve

bicuspid

61
Q

what type of valve is the R AV valve

A

tricuspid

62
Q

what is the fibrous cardiac skeleton composed of

A

dense connective tissue

63
Q

where does the fibrous cardiac skeleton lie

A

in the plane between the atria and ventricles

this plane corresponds to AV groove/orifices of the heart

64
Q

what is the role of the fibrous cardiac skeleton

A

structural support - AV septum, roots of great vessels, anchorage for valves, myocytes/capillary network

electrical insulation - atria from ventricles, myocardium from great vessels

65
Q

how does blood enter the coronary arteries during systole and diastole

A

systole - openings in aortic sinuses shielde by aortic valve cusps

diastole - elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve and blood enters arteries, myocardium relaxes and blood can flow into capillaries

66
Q

where are the coronary arteries located

A

in the epicardium

67
Q

what holds the heart in place

A

hangs by great vessels within fibrous pericardium
dense connective tissue bag
attachments - central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels
lined by serous pericardium
heart free to move

68
Q

describe the serous pericardium

A

epithelium
secretes pericardial fluid - lubricant
visceral and parietal layer
allows freedom of movement during cardiac cycle

69
Q

what are the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium bound to

A

visceral - heart
parietal - fibrous pericaridum

visceral and parietal layers are continuous and form a closed bag

cardiovascular system year 1 (13 decks)

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