CVS Flashcards
what is the pathophysiology of CAD
coronary arteries narrowed by atherosclerotic plaque, plaque ruptures, or spasms
what is a carotid bruit indicative of
atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries which increases risk of stoke
what are some indications for ordering an echo
evaluation of heart function
assessment of murmurs
diagnosing HF
evaluation of masses or thrombi
what is the purpose of ASA in CAD
antiplatelet effect to prevent thrombosis
secondary prevention of cardiovascular events
what are the benefits of beta blockers especially after an MI
improve blood flow to the myocardium and may help remodel and strengthen the heart
what happens if a person using a nitro patch does not include a patch free period each day
increased risk of developing a tolerance to the medication
how long should a patients patch free period each day be for nitro patch
8-12 hours
using the pneumonic SADCHF, what are the causes of atherosclerosis
smoking
advanced age
DM
cholesterol (high LDL and low HDL)
HTN
Family hx
what is the next step for CAD after a positive stress test
send for angiogram or CTA to identify lesion
what medications are used for treatment of stable angina
ASA
nitro
beta blockers
statins
when is ABI indicated
over age 60 or over age 50 with DM or smoker
how do you determine ABI
systolic ankle blood pressure over systolic brachial blood pressure
what is a normal ABI
0.9-1.4
an ABI <0.9 indicated what
arterial disease
HTN and hyperlipidemia is risk for vascular or arterial insufficiency
arterial
what is elevation pallor and dependent rubor and what is it a sign of
foot turning pale when elevated and turning red when turned down
sign of PVD
what is rest pain
continous pain when extremity elevated that is relieved when lowered. Sign of PVD
what is intermittent claudication
pain in the led while walking that is relieved by rest caused by PAD
what medications are used in PAD
ASA
ACE-I or ARBs
Pentoxifylline or cilostazol for claudication pain
what are indications for a patient with PAD to undergo percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
intermittent claudication that does not respond to treatment, rest pain, gangrene
whats the difference between primary and secondary raynauds
primary - symmetrical, idiopathic
secondary - asymmetrical, caused by something
what are the causes of secondary raynauds
lupus
RA
scleroderma
what is the definition of raynauds phenomenon
vasospasm in terminating tissues (fingers, toes, nose, ears)
which fingers are most often affected by raynaus
index, middle, and ring finger
what happens to the fingers with raynauds
sudden onset vasospasm causes fingers to go white, to blue, to red lasts 15-20 minutes
what are some common triggers for raynauds
cold, smoking, stress
what are the main risk factors for raynauds
female
age 15-40
family history
what are symptoms of a raynauds exacerabtion
pain, numbness, swelling, decreased coordination
what are some lifestyle changes to help with raynauds
keep warm (gloves, hats)
stop smoking
stress relief
avoid vasoconstricting drugs
what is first line treatment for raynauds
environmental meaures/managing triggers
what medications may be used for raynauds
nifedipine then can try vasodilator like hydralazine or przosin
what medications may exacerbate raynauds
estrogen, nicotine, beta blockers, pseudoephedrine
