cv glossary Flashcards
cardiology
branch of medicine that deals with diseases and abnormalities of the heart
mediastinum
the region between the two pleural cavities which contains the great vessels, largest veins and arteries , thymus, oesophagus and trachea
ventricles
muscular chambers of the heart that eject blood
atria
collecting chambers of the heart that contract to fill the ventricles
auricle
the visible part of the ear that resides outside head
trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular columns which project from inner surface of L + R ventricles of the heart
pericardium
membrane surrounding and protecting heart
epicardium
external visceral layer of serous (lubricating) pericardium
endocardium
innermost layer of pericardium
myocardium
middle layer of pericardium
coronary sulcus
(aka AV groove) separates atria of the heart from the ventricles
interatrial septum
wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart
fossa ovalis
a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum
right atrium
right superior collecting chamber of heart that contracts to fill ventricles
tricuspid valve
valve on located on the right side of the right atrium made of 3 cusps that regulates blood flow through the heart
right ventricle
right inferior muscular chamber of the heart that ejects blood
semilunar valves
valves in heart with half-moon shape at bases of aorta and pulmonary artery consisting of 3 cusps which prevent backflow of blood
aortic valve
semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta in the heart
pulmonary valves
semilunar valve on the left of the right atrium next to the pulmonary artery
chordae tendineae/tendinous chords
heartstrings that attach valves and papillary muscles of ventricles in place
papillary muscles
contract and relax to loosen/tighten chordae tendae
bicuspid (mitral) valve
an atrioventricular valve with 2 cusps found on the left side of the left ventricle in the heart
left ventricle
left inferior muscular chamber of the heart that ejects blood
septum
internal wall which separates the left heart (oxygenated blood) from the right heart
fibrous skeleton of heart
single structure of connective tissue that forms and anchors the valves of theheart and gives myocardium attachment
anastomoses
alternative routes for blood formed by branches of blood vessels meeting, should specific ones be blocked
tunica intima
innermostlayer of artery/vein
tunica media
middle layer of artery/vein
tunica externa
outermost layer of artery/vein
internal elastic membrane
layer ofelastictissue that forms outermost part of the tunica intima and separates it from tunica media
arteries
efferent/outwards vessels that carry blood away from heart
arterioles
small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
capillaries
smallest of body’s blood vessels found in most regions of body, one cell thick and thesites of transfer to tissues
fenestrated capillary
capillaries containing ‘windows’/pores in walls due to incomplete/perforated endothelial lining
venules
a very small vein that collects blood from capillaries
veins
afferent/inwards vessels that return blood to heart
cardiomyocyte
cardiac contractile/muscle cell
intercalated discs
boundaries between cardiomyocytes formed by gap junctions, Z-lines bound to opposing plasma membranes and desmosomes
desmosomes
hold fibres together
gap junctions
pores that allow action potnetial conduction from one fibre to next
sarcolemma
the tubular sheath which envelops the fibres of skeletal muscles
sarcomere
basic unit of striated muscle tissue
thin (actin) filaments
two long chains of actinmolecules twisted around one anotherseen in muscle tissue
thick (myosin) filaments
consist primarily of many molecules of the protein myosin
Z-discs/lines
microfilaments which are attached to thin filaments of the contractile machinery
End-diastolic volume
maximum volume of blood each ventricle contains when at end of atrial systole
tropomyosin
rod-shaped molecule that binds via troponin molecule to groove of actin helix, where it masks myosin binding sites
troponin
a complex of 3 polypeptides → troponin T, I and C
cardiodynamics
movements and forces generated during cardiac contraction
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole (start of ventricular systole)
end-systolic volume (ESV)
volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular systole
stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single heart beat
ejection fraction
percentage of EDV represented by the SV
cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute (L min-1)
angina
- chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to heart muscles
- not life-threatening, but a sign of the risk of a heart attack/stroke
aortic dissection (AD)
- injury to the innermost layer of aorta
- allowing blood to flow between layers of aorticwall
- forcing the layers apart
arteriosclerosis
circulatory condition characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
atherosclerosis
degenerative disease of arteries characterized by patchy thickening of inner lining of arterial walls, caused by deposits of fatty material (form of arteriosclerosis)
atheroma
deposit or degenerative accumulation of lipid-containing plaques on innermost layer of artery wall
coronary artery disease (CAD)
atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
diseases of heart caused by atherosclerotic disease of coronary arteries (commonly angina or an MI)
ischaemia
a decrease in blood supply to bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction/obstruction of blood vessels
infarct
- area of tissue which undergoes necrosis
- due to obstruction of local blood supply, by thrombus/embolus
myocardial infarction (MI)
medical emergency where blood supply to heart is suddenly blocked usually by a blood clot
PE (pulmonary embolism)
blockage of an artery in lungs by material which has moved from elsewhere in body through bloodstream
make sure you can label a heart
just look at a diagram of one
