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cardiovascular 6-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is arterial blood pressure important?

A
  • to provide a driving force
  • to ensure effective tissue perfusion
  • to keep vessels open
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2
Q

For which tissues is blood pressure critical and how?

Hint - the obvious and then the blood-cleaner

A
  • brain (if MAP < 60 mmHg, you become unconscious)

- kidneys

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3
Q

What value does blood pressure progressively reach once it reaches the RA?

A
  • falls to 0 mmHg
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4
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output (L min-1) = heart rate x stroke volume

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5
Q

What does the distribution of cardiac output into the circulatory system depend on?

A

the pressure difference and resistance to blood flow in vessels

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6
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the pressure blood exerts against a wall of the vessel/chamber

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7
Q

How is BP expressed?

A

systolic/diastolic i.e. 120/80

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8
Q

Where does blood flow from?

Hint - same direction as gases and water

A

high to low pressure

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9
Q

What is the formula for blood flow?

A

flow ∝ pressure difference/resistance

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10
Q

If there is a greater pressure difference what does it mean for blood flow?

A

greater blood flow

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11
Q

Describe blood pressure in terms of how constant it is.

A
  • is pulsatile (varies)

- and rises and falls with each heartbeat

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12
Q

Which 3 factors does vascular resistance (R) depend on?

Hint - BLB

A
  • lumen size – smaller diameter means greater resistance to flow
  • blood viscosity – thicker blood (i.e. by polycythaemia) can increase MBP
  • blood vessel length – longer vessels require higher resistance
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13
Q

What does systemic vascular resistance (SVR) oppose and what does it depend on?

A
  • opposes blood flow

- depends on smaller arterioles

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14
Q

What is the formula for mean blood pressure?

Hint - MCP

A

Mean Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance

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15
Q

With blood pressure:

a) what happens to CO if MBP decreases?
b) what happens to PR if MBP increases?
c) what must CO and PR do?

A

a) decrease in MBP means CO must decrease
b) increase in MBP means PR must increase
c) CO and PR must balance

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16
Q

What is venous return?

Hint - Venous return chamber

A

pressure generated by LV so blood can flow back to heart

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17
Q

What is the cardiac centre and what does it monitor?

A
  • cardio-acceleratory centre → increases HR via sympathetic innervation of SAN/AVN
  • cardio-inhibitory centre which slows heart
  • both monitor changes in BP, PO₂ and pH via baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
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18
Q

Where is the cardiac centre located and what is its input?

A
  • location → medulla oblongata

- input → nerve impulses from sensory receptors + higher brain centres

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19
Q

What is the vasomotor centre?

A
  • large group of cells → vasoconstriction

- small group of cells → vasodilation

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20
Q

Where is the vasomotor centre located and what is its input?

A
  • location → (also) medulla oblongata

- input → increased frequency of nerve impulses

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21
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

Hint - all heart WAC

A

in carotid sinus, aortic sinus and wall of right atrium

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22
Q

Where are aortic baroreceptors located and what do they monitor?

(Hint - both parts to do with main aortic vessel)

A
  • ascending aorta

- monitor stretch within aorta (associated with adequate blood supply to systemic system)

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23
Q

What do carotid baroreceptors monitor and what is this associated with?

(Hint - carotid + it takes minutes)

A
  • blood pressure in carotid arteries

- associated with adequate blood supply to brain

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24
Q

Which receptors detect increased blood pressure and what does this initiate?

(Hint - all about feedback to slow HR + BP)

A
  • baroreceptors
  • initiate regulatory feedback signals to CV centre promoting:
    • inhibition of cardio acceleratory centre and stimulation of cardio inhibitory system
    • inhibition of vasomotor cells associated w/ vasoconstriction
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25
What effect does parasympathetic stimulus have on blood pressure on a molecular level? (Hint - NT and the effect it has at end of ECG)
- releases Ach | - extends repolarization
26
What effect does sympathetic stimulus have on blood pressure on a molecular level? (Hint - a different NT and effect on ECG)
- releases NA | - shortens repolarization
27
Explain the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System including the effects of outside hormones.
- low BP → renin secreted by kidneys - angiotensinogen (renin) → angiotensin I (ACE, or angiotensin-converting enzyme) → angiotensin II - angiotensin II: • vasoconstriction arterioles – increase peripheral resistance • increases aldosterone secretion - blood volume increases by renal reabsorption of Na⁺ + H₂O - hormones like E and NA increase HR by affecting SAN - epinephrine also affects contraction of cells (see notes for diagram)
28
How can blood flow be modified? | Hint - mechanisms of what by which parts of the vessel?
mechanisms of localised vasoconstriction + vasodilation of precapillary sphincter muscles
29
Name some vasodilators. | Hint - three Os, breastfeeding hormone, what is taken for allergies
O₂, CO₂, NO, histamine, lactate
30
Name some vasoconstrictors. | Hint - ETs both released by similar-sounding cells
- thromboxains → released by platelets in a wound | - endothelins → released by damaged endothelial cells
31
Name the 2 regions of the CV centre (functions already discussed).
- cardiac centre (cardio acceleratory + cardioinhibitory centres which monitor changes in BP, PO₂, pH → baroreceptors + chemoreceptors) - vasomotor centre (large + small group of cells associated with vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively)
32
What is vasoconstriction achieved by and mediated with? | Hint - which CNS division + which receptors in which cell?
- sympathetic system | - α-1 adrenoreceptors located in smooth muscle membranes
33
What is vasodilation mediated via? | Hint - increasing dissertation vasodilator within the main type of muscle of body
via increasing NO within SM
34
State the baroreceptor reflex. | Hint - about decreasing BP
- increased BP is detected by baroreceptors which initiate regulatory feedback signals to CV centre promoting: • inhibition of cardioacceleratory centre and stimulation of cardioinhibitory system • inhibition of vasomotor cells associated with vasoconstriction
35
Where are chemoreceptors which mediate reflexes located? | Hint - 2 types of bodies and then an oblong shape
- carotid bodies - aortic bodies - medulla oblongata
36
What are chemoreceptor reflexes sensitive to?
changes in blood O₂, CO₂ and pH
37
How are vasodilation and vasoconstriction induced by chemoreceptor reflexes? (Hint - 3 main increases/decreases)
- vasoconstriction by: • low blood O₂ (vasodilation by high O₂) • low pH • high CO₂
38
Which hormones are involved in hormonal (endocrine) control mechanism? (Hint - AAAVE - last is a kidney hormone)
- adrenaline - angiotensin - atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) - vasopressin (ADH) - erythropoietin
39
What effect does adrenaline have on the CV system?
- activates cardio acceleratory centre | - increasing sympathetic stimulation of heart via NA
40
What effects does the angiotensin-aldosterone system have on the CV system?
• decreased BP induces juxtaglomerular apparatus to secrete renin • whole process of (renin + ACE) converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I • angiotensin II: - vasoconstriction - stimulates aldosterone secretion - kindles thirst - increases salt appetite + ADH secretion
41
What is the reason for vasopressin (ADH) secretion and what effects does it have on the CV system? (Hint - causes a move on blood vessels + urine volume modification)
- caused by decreased BP | - causes vasoconstriction + decreased urine production
42
Where is atrial natriuretic hormone released from and what effect does have on the CV system? (Hint - clue-is-in-the-name cells + opposite effect of ADH)
- released from atrial cells in response to increased atrial BP - causes increased urine production
43
What is the fluid shift (hormonal) mechanism and what does this result in? (Hint - movement of fluid between cells + opposite effect on BP)
- BP increases fluid from blood vessels into interstitial space - results in decreased BP
44
What is the stress relaxation response and what does this result in?
- as BP decreases in vessels, reduction in force applied to vessel endothelium - SM cells → respond by slowly contracting
45
How many long-term and short-term parts are three in the cardiovascular response to wounds/haemorrhaging? (Hint - long response for the road)
- two short-term responses | - one long-term response
46
What are the short-term cardiovascular responses to wounds/haemorrhaging? (Hint - BP sinuses and widening vessels, additional fight-or-flight)
- decreased BP detected by baroreceptors in aortic + carotid sinuses → promotes vasoconstriction - stress-related responses further stimulate SNS
47
What is the long-term cardiovascular response to wounds/haemorrhaging? (Hint - more urine hormone, kidney/acne hormone, raas)
increasing: - activation of renin angiotensin system - ADH system - secretion of erythropoietin
48
What can circulatory shock arise because of? | Hint - DDEE → blood escape, cardiac harm, cardiac force, too much vessel widening
- drop in BP due to a major haemorrhage - damage to heart - external pressure on heart - extensive peripheral vasodilation
49
State the symptoms of circulatory shock. | Hint - CIPHAC
- confusion/disorientation - increased HR and weak pulse - pale cool skin - hypotension - acidosis - cessation of urination
50
What can failure to stimulate sympathetic innervation to a patient in circulatory shock cause?
- BP to decrease further → irreversible shock
51
What is oxygen consumption (VO2)?
rate at which oxygen is delivered to tissues + extracted from blood by tissues
52
What happens to oxygen consumption (VO2) during exercise?
increases to a maximal oxygen consumption
53
Which changes in cardiac output occur during exercise? | Hint - anticipatory, abdomen + veins, VEDV
- anticipatory increase in CO by SNS - decreased blood flow to abdominal arteries temporarily increasing venous return → increased ventricular EDV (RV contracts more forcefully during systole)
54
How is respiration controlled and how can it be influenced? | Hint - meddys, what they do, how this can be influenced
- controlled by medullary neurones which set basic rhythm of respiration - influenced by inputs from other parts of brain + peripheral sensory receptors
55
Where is the respiratory centre located and which 2 regions does it consist of?
- located in medulla oblongata with two regions: 1. inspiratory centre 2. expiratory centre
56
Describe the inspiratory centre.
- two dorsally-situated regions of medulla - neurones within centres show spontaneous rhythmicity and cyclic activity - action potentials derived from cells → along intercostal + phrenic nerves → supply inspiratory muscles
57
Describe the expiratory centre.
- two ventrally-situated groups of neurones | - mostly inactive but during heavy breathing they send action potentials to expiratory muscles
58
Apart from the inspiratory and expiratory centre, which other 2 brain centres are associated w/ respiratory control and what are their effects?
1. apneustic centre: scattered neurones in the pons send action potentials to inspiratory centre 2. pneumotaxic centre: neurone within superior pons inhibitory effect on inspiratory and apneustic centre
59
Which steady-state effects does exercise have on the CV system? (Hint - resp increase + RR)
- respiration starts to increase linearly with O₂ uptake | - respiratory rate is measured as ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO₂)
60
Which non-steady-state effects does exercise have on the CV system? (Hint - disproportionate O₂, disproportionate VR, lactate + sodium bicarb)
- RR increases disproportionately to oxygen uptake - disproportionate increase in ventilation rate at ventilatory threshold - accumulation of blood lactate + increased lactic acid buffered with sodium bicarbonate - lactic acid + NaHCO₃ → Na-lactate + H₂CO₃
61
State 4 cardiovascular adaptive changes endurance training can result in.
changes in: - oxygen consumption - HR and SV - arteriovenous differences - BP and blood flow

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