Cultural Variations in Attachment - Attachment

Question 1

Cultural Variations Definition

Answer 1

Differences in attachment types between cultures, influenced by child-rearing practices.

Question 2

van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)
Procedure and Findings

Answer 2

Meta-analysis of 32 studies, 8 countries, 1,990 infants using the Strange Situation.

Secure attachment most common across all countries. Insecure-avoidant second most common, except in Israel/Japan. Variation within cultures 1.5x greater than between cultures.

Question 3

Tronick et al. (1992)
Cultural Similarities

Answer 3

African Efe infants raised collectively but still showed primary attachment to mothers because of universal need for attachment due to biological survival.

Question 4

Cultural Differences Studies:

Grossmann & Grossmann (1991)

Takahashi (1990)

Answer 4

Grossmann & Grossmann (1991): German infants more insecure-avoidant due to independence-focused upbringing.

Takahashi (1990): High insecure-resistant in Japanese infants due to lack of exposure to strangers and separation.