Cultural variations - AO1

Question 1

What is a meta analysis?

Answer 1

A statistical analysis of findings combined form multiple studies

Question 2

How many studies were in the USA and what was the % of each attachment type?

Answer 2

18 Studies

• Avoidant = 21%
• Secure = 65%
• Resistant = 14%

Question 3

How many studies were in Japan and what was the % of each attachment type?

Answer 3

2 Studies

• Avoidant = 5%
• Secure = 68%
• Resistant = 27%

Question 4

How many studies were in Germany and what was the % of each attachment type?

Answer 4

3 Studies

• Avoidant = 35%
• Secure = 57%
• Resistant = 8%

Question 5

What is the aim of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study?

Answer 5

To determine how attachment may vary across different cultures

Question 6

What are the PPs of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study?

Answer 6

Secondary data from altogether 1990 children in 8 different countries

Question 7

What is the procedure of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study?

Answer 7

Meta analysis of 32 studies of attachment using the strange situation

Question 8

What are the findings of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study?

Answer 8

Secure attachment most common (50% China - 78% Britain)
Type A highest in Germany (35%)
Type C more common in collectivist cultures (China, Japan, Israel)
Variation within the same country was 150% greater than those between countries

Question 9

What are the conclusions of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s (1988) study?

Answer 9

Global pattern was fairly similar to that in USA - secure attachment were the norm, supporting is best for healthy development and this that attachment is innate.
But, significant variation in insecure attachment between cultures liklely due to differences in parenting practice. Support for the idea that attachment is innate

Question 10

What did Simonelli et al. (2014) find?

Answer 10

76 babies in Italy

• 50% type B, 36% type A, 14% type C
• Low levels of secure attachment; very different to [revious studies due to cultural changes (mothers with young babies working longer hours)

Question 11

What did Jin et al. (2012) find?

Answer 11

87 babies in Korea

• 78% of type B, 1% type A, 21% type C
• Matches Japan distributions (Takahashi 1990)
• Korea and Japan similar parenting styles where baby is with mother almost 100% of the first two years of life