cultural variations

Question 1

define individualist cultures

Answer 1

value independence and working to individual goals (e.g. western countries)

Question 2

define collectivist cultures

Answer 2

value cooperation with each working towards a group goal (e.g. eastern countries)

Question 3

outline Ijzendoorn and Kroonberg’s study

Answer 3

m: analysed data from other studies using strange situation to find attachment type and meta analysis to calculate average attachment in different countries- studies excluded children diagnosed with disorders that could affect results
r: individualist countries had high avoidant levels where collectivist had high resistant levels: secure 65%, resistant 14%, avoidant 2%
c: secure attachment seemed universal with different cultures/countries having different parenting techniques

Question 4

evaluate the research into cultural variations

Answer 4

A: high reliability: use of SS as procedure means comparison can be made across cultures- gives validity to study due to results being consistent
C: not representative: not equal amount of studies in each country- now all countries are represented (Africa, South America) as based on western countries
-> unable to generalise to wider population
C: ethnocentric idea of SS procedure and behavioral categories: cross-cultural research using SS judges and categorieses infant behavior according to categories based on middle-class American infants
-> unable to give validity to research as it is solely based on one ethnic group