Cultural considerations Flashcards
What are some issues that have arisen from cross-cultural research?
- Issues with structural and measurement equivalence: psychological constructs could be different across culture (could be experienced differently or mean different things)
- Hierarchical structure of the data (person within environment and culture): we look at individuals as individuals (driven by individualistic culture)
- Ethical issues for test adaptation and use: international standards and competence vary
- issues with representation: 2021 = 89% of the world’s population continues to be neglected, lack in sample researchers and funding
What is a benefit and limitation of the DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 items)?
Many languages, but few African languages
What is an issue with some measurements and their questions?
- does not take into account context/timing
- using a measure because it is a gold standard not because it is what is clinically best for the client
What did the Kleinman 2004 article use as examples of Depression between Chinese culture and Western culture?
• Chinese Culture ○ Boredom ○ Discomfort ○ Feelings of inner pressure ○ Pain ○ Dizziness ○ Fatigue • U.S. Culture ○ Crying ○ Feeling sad or down ○ Fatigue/decreased energy ○ Change in appetite and sleep ○ Loss of pleasure
What is a common misuse of “culture”?
- It’s not clearly defined and fixed
- A lot of differences within a culture
What are the significant gaps that the Global Mental Health studies have identified?
- The vast majority of people in some countries don’t get mental health treatment they need
- Gaps largest in low and middle-income countries
- Human rights abuses against affected individuals
- Need for scale-up of services
What elements are guiding the Cultural Adaptation process?
- CBO’s: representatives from where the work will be done
- Advisory Committee: ongoing engagement during development, diverse representation
- Research Team: researchers, practitioners, community and experts
What is included in the guidelines for researchers and stakeholders with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?
Spirit and Integrity
- Responsibility, reciprocity
- Respect
- Equity
- Cultural continuity
What was introduced in the Cultural Adaptation model by Barrera & Castro 2006?
- a top-down approach
- Information gathering
- Preliminary Adaptation Design
- Preliminary Adaptation Tests
- Adaptation Reinforcement
What is meant by Adaptation-language in the Cultural Adaptation model by Barrera & Castro 2006?
Gold Standards for Primary Outcome measures
- Translation, (synthesis,) and back-translation
- Committee review
- Pre-testing
What is important in Adaptation-language in the Cultural Adaptation model by Barrera & Castro 2006?
Reduce - simplify - prioritise
What measure of adaptation-equivalence (Prince, 2014) is the below question?
Is the concept meaningful and recognized within the culture?
Content
What measure of adaptation-equivalence (Prince, 2014) is the below question?
Do the items mean the same things when translated?
Semantic
What measure of adaptation-equivalence (Prince, 2014) is the below question?
Does data collection influence results differentially?
Technical
What measure of adaptation-equivalence (Prince, 2014) is the below question?
How does the measure relate to established criteria for the same experience?
Criterion
What measure of adaptation-equivalence (Prince, 2014) is the below question?
Does the measure capture the same concept across cultures?
Conceptual
What do these cultural adaptations address?
- Cognitive informational processing (eg language, literacy)
- Affective motivational (eg activities that may create conflict or negative reactions)
- Environmental (eg opportunities, limitations, readiness)
What is needed in program planning for cultural assessments?
- needs assessment
- formative research
- priority setting
- goals and objectives
- implementation
- evaluation
What is evaluation?
The systematic and scientific process of determining the extent to which an action or set of actions successfully achieved a pre-determined set of objectives.
What are the types of evaluation?
Formative
Process
Summative/Outcome
In a formative evaluation (before and during) what different aspects are involved?
- proactive: understanding the issue and needs with literature review and stakeholder interviews
- clarifying: project development, clarifying theoretical underpinnings
- Interactive: during implementation, continue to improve the design and program
- monitoring: during implementation, ensure programs are delivered efficiently and effectively
What is the purpose of key informant interviews?
- When you want to better understand an experience
- When you are seeking recommendations
- When you want to better understand data
- When you need more information to design a quantitative survey or intervention
What are the pros of key informant interviews?
- You can get information directly from knowledgeable people
- Flexible approach to allow you to explore new ideas
- Relatively quick, inexpensive and straightforward
What are the cons of key informant interviews?
- Not appropriate if you need quantitative data
- Can be biased depending on who and what range of interviewees you select
- Susceptible to interviewer bias
What are the pros of focus groups?
- Great for exploring experiences (motivations, attitudes), developing and evaluating programs
- Synergy within the group
- Snowball effects—one person’s comments trigger something else
- Stimulation through group conversation
- Security (if homogeneous and sense of safety)
- Quick—having many people and their ideas all at once
- Cheap
What are the cons of focus groups?
- Lack of representativeness
- Susceptible to biases
- Inappropriately consider results conclusive and not exploratory
- The interviewer can have a big impact (positively and negatively)
- Where the group isn’t safe and similar—hard to guarantee group dynamics
- Difficult to analyse
What are the pros of Observation approaches?
- Can be a good way for gathering information in a natural environment
- Can directly observe in real-time (e.g., reduce retrospective recall limitations)
- Not reliant on the individual and their potential biases or limited insights
What are the cons of Observation approaches?
- Behaviours change when observed
- Hard to operationalise and clearly define what you’re measuring
- Difficult for rare events
- Up front work to establish a clear plan for observations
What are the pros of Visual Narrative approaches?
- Can be good for expressing complex ideas and gaining a visual sense of an area or experience
- Good where language or literacy can be a challenge
- Can provide a meaningful and powerful resource for disseminating information/ideas
What are the cons of Visual Narrative approaches?
- Difficult to analyze
- Can have added costs for supplies and materials
- May require upfront training or be less accessible to some individuals
