CUE 4 - Urban issues

Question 1

What is economic inequality

Answer 1

Unequal distribution of money amongst the population

Question 2

Where is economic inequality higher

Answer 2

In the developing world

Question 3

Why is this?

Answer 3

They lack resources to support the poorest citizens, whereas most developed nations have welfare states which provide basic services and income for those who are financially struggling

Question 4

What 3 issues can economic inequalities cause in cities

Answer 4

• Political and social unrest
• Rise in crime, drug use and violence
• Health problems

Question 5

What do cities tend to be

Answer 5

Culturally diverse

Question 6

WHat does it mean to be culturally diverse

Answer 6

Have a wide mix of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds

Question 7

WHat are the benefits of a city being culturally diverse

Answer 7

It enriches the cities character and increase tolerance, while cultural events and ethnic quarters within a city attract tourists, boosting a cities economy

Question 8

What 3 problems does cultural diversity create

Answer 8

• Tensions between different groups can lead to violence
• Increased pressure on services eg - schools knowing children who don’t speak English
• Minority communities can feel isolated and politically under - represented

Question 9

What else can cities with high diversity experience

Answer 9

Social segregation

Question 10

What is social segregation

Answer 10

Different groups are separated from each other, people can be concentrated to a specific area of the city

Question 11

Why can be social segregation be voluntary

Answer 11

Followers of a particular religion choosing to settle close to their place of worship

Question 12

What 4 issues can social segregation lead to

Answer 12

• Lack of integration between different groups causing discrimination
• People in some areas have less jobs and education
• In developing countries poor areas lack access to facilities
• Can lead to anxiety and have negative impacts on health and life expectency

Question 13

What 5 strategies are used to reduce poverty and economic inequality

Answer 13

• Improving transport systems make it easier for the poor to get jobs
• Subsiding the construction of affordable housing helps less wealthy buy property
• Introducing minimum wage schemes helps stabilise wage inequalities
• Governments offer subsidies for new companies, increasing local employment opportunities
• Many developing countries have introduced upgrading schemes to slums. Providing roads, sanitation, drainage and water supply

Question 14

What are 4 strategies to encourage social and cultural integration

Answer 14

• Governments encourage political participation of minority groups eg - by voting. This means people have the opportunity to influence decision-making
• Governments pass laws such as preventing companies from discriminating against employees because of race
• New developments can include luxury homes and lower-cost housing to reduce the divisions between rich and poor
• Communities can help ease racial tensions. EG - By involving different groups to clean racist graffiti

Question 15

What 3 main issues does London have

Answer 15

• Economic Inequality
• Cultural diversity
• Social segregation

Question 16

What has happened to the rich and poor since the 1980s

Answer 16

The gap has widened

Question 17

Whats the average annual income in Kengisnton and Chelsea

Answer 17

£135,000

Question 18

Whats the average income in Newham

Answer 18

Less than £35,000

Question 19

What % of London live in poverty and why

Answer 19

25% - Low wages and few job opportunities

Question 20

What has happened to many inner city areas and why

Answer 20

They’ve been gentrified - forcing poorer residents out the area

Question 21

WHy is London culturally diverse

Answer 21

More than 50% of people aren’t white British, proportions of ethnic minorities differ between boroughs - ethnic segregation becomes an issue

Question 22

What is hate crime based on in London

Answer 22

Race and religon

Question 23

Give an example of this

Answer 23

12 months before July 2015 there were over 80 anti - Muslim incidents

Question 24

What is social segregation based on in London

Answer 24

Age and c lass

Question 25

Why is this an issue

Answer 25

London residents have less interaction with people of different classes and age groups than people elsewhere in the country, this can lead to some residents feeling isolated

Question 26

What 4 strategies have been put in place to tackle these issues

Answer 26

• From 2016 the London living wage increased higher compared to the rest of the country. The aim is to increase income and social mobility in deprived areas
• London mayor plans to build more affordable housing - allowing poorer people to stay in more affluent areas
• Police are working to tackle hate crime, by encouraging people to report it and providing support to families
• Some charities have called for better access to English language classes to help immigrants adjust to life in London and with the aim of increasing integration

Question 27

What is Sao Paulo in Brazil

Answer 27

An emerging economy that has issues of economic inequality and social segregation

Question 28

How is economic inequality high?

Answer 28

The richest 10% earn nearly 40 times more than the poorest 10%

Question 29

WHats Sao Paulo like for the poorest residents

Answer 29

They live in slums - 80,000 people live in Paraisopolis. It has high crime rates, poor sanitation and a high incidence of illnesses like Cholera. The Flavelas lack educational facilities which limits job options and social mobility

Question 30

What is Sao Paulo like for the richest residents

Answer 30

They live in the southwest. They have greenspace, better healthcare and access to amenities like luxury shops and restaurants. These areas have larger numbers of white immigrants but the lowest proportion of black people

Question 31

What 2 strategies have been put in place to tackle these issues

Answer 31

• In 2016 minimum wages were increased by 12% to increase income for the poorest workers
• In 2001 the government passed a law that allowed flavelas to be seen as legit residential areas. Eg - 10,000 new homes are currently being built to replace slum housing or housing in high risk areas