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Human Geography > CUE 2 - Urban Change > Flashcards

CUE 2 - Urban Change Flashcards

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1
Q

WWhat ways do cities have to develop as they urbanise? (5)

A

Economic, social, technological, political and demographic

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2
Q

Why do cities attract people from rural areas?

A

They offer more job opportunities and they’re better paid

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3
Q

What happens as urban population increases?

A

Businesses, like factories and shops grow in size and become more profitable, leading to more jobs that are better paid

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4
Q

what happens as countries develop economically?

A

Commercial farming overtakes subside farming as the primary method of food production. The decline in agricultural jobs drives more people to towns and city

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5
Q

What social reasons do people have to move to towns and cities?

A

Cities often have high standards of living and better healthcare and education

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6
Q

What happens as more people move to the city?

A

The economy grows and it can become a centre for cultural experiences with museums and art galleries

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7
Q

What has happened because of the emergence of factories in cities?

A

Urban areas have become hotspots for technological advancement

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8
Q

Give an example of a technological advancement in the 19th century

A

Manchester became the 1st industrialised city in the world and was branded ‘cottonopolis’ because of the cotton-pressing there

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9
Q

Where is an advanced place that’s more recent

A

Silicon Valley in California

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10
Q

Why do these areas attract people

A

They Are specialised and highly paid jobs

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11
Q

What can urban growth lead to

A

Increased inequality between the rich and poor

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12
Q

What new working class emerged

A

Made up of people who work in manufacturing industries

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13
Q

What does political reform focus on

A

Issues that affect urban life eg - poor sanitation, quality of housing and working conditions in factories

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14
Q

What happens as cities become larger and wealthier

A

They attract migrants from all over the world

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15
Q

What happens because of these migrants

A

Areas become ethnically and culturally diverse and new areas emerge

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16
Q

Why do young people move to the city

A

They’re attracted by jobs and entertainment

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17
Q

What has happened since the 1970s?

A

Developed countries have experienced deindustrialisation

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18
Q

What 3 changes in processes have developed countries experienced in the last 50 years

A

Deindustrialisation, rise of the service economy and decentralisation

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19
Q

What happened in the 1960s

A

some developing countries like Singapore became industrialised

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20
Q

Why did this happen

A

countries were able to produce goods at a cheaper price than the USA or Europe because of cheap labour prices

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21
Q

What happened by the 70s?

A

The developed world struggled to compete with the products manufactured by the developing world

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22
Q

What did this cause

A

Industries collapse leading to mass unemployment and poverty

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23
Q

What did deindustrialisation cause in the UK

A

Unemployment to rise above 3 million in 1983 - this is the highest since WW2

24
Q

What happened during the 1980s

A

Many service industries began to expand and dominate western economies

25
Q

What are these industries responsible for?

A

The majority of economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisayion

26
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

As land prices in city centres increase, business like shops and offices relocate to the suburbs

27
Q

What has decentralisation led to

A

The rise out of town retail parks

28
Q

What has decentralisation caused

A

City centre shops and offices to close leading to buildings being abandoned, jobs losses and urban poverty

29
Q

What schemes has the government implemented since 1979 (4)

A
  • Urban Development Corporation (UDC)
  • Enterprise zones
  • City challenge
  • Partnership schemes
30
Q

When was UDC

A

1979 - 1990s

31
Q

What happened in 1979 in the UK

A

Many city centres were in catastrophic decline

32
Q

What did the government do because of this decline

A

Created UDCs which used private sector funding to restore derelict land

33
Q

When and where were the first UDCs created

A

1981 - London Docklands and Liverpool

34
Q

How many UDCs were there by 1993

A

12 - They helped to redevelop some of the most rundown areas in the country

35
Q

Why were UDCs criticised

A

FOr ignoring the need of local people eg - affordable housing and suitable jobs

36
Q

What case study is used for UDCs

A

London dockland development cooperation (LDDC)

37
Q

When were enterprise zones

A

1981 - present

38
Q

Where were Ez’s established

A

Across areas with high employment

39
Q

WHat was the aim of Ezs?

A

to attract start up companies to the area to create jobs

40
Q

How did they meet these aims

A

By reducing tax

41
Q

What happened to Ezs by the 1990s?

A

They housed 5000 companies and employed 125,000 people

42
Q

What was a problem with Ezs

A

Tax reductions encouraged many existing companies to move their premises and staff to Ezs, which limited the number of jobs created

43
Q

What case study is used for Ezs

A

Birmingham

44
Q

When was city challenge

A

1991 - 1997

45
Q

What did city challenge do

A

Local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas

46
Q

What did city challenge work with?

A

The local community and private companiess to improve the physical, economic and social environment of an area

47
Q

What was the funding allocated to

A

projects that benefited the local community like improving housing

48
Q

What happened by 1997

A

over 50,000 jobs were created and 40,000 houses improved

49
Q

What was the problem with city challenge

A

Many deprived areas didn’t recieve any money

50
Q

What case study is used for city challenge

A

Hulme

51
Q

When were partnership schemes

A

2010 - present

52
Q

What do partnership schemes do

A

Governments work with private companies to provide financial suppirt and expertise for urban regeneration

53
Q

Why were the schemes designed

A

To improve physical, economic and social environments in deprived areas, building new homes and reducing unemployment

54
Q

WHats an example of partnership schemes

A

The Liverpool City Region Local Enterprise Partnership was estbalished in 2012 and aims to increase business activity in Liverpool and create new jobs

55
Q

What case study do we use for partnership schemes

A

Liverpool

Human Geography (5 decks)

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