CUE 2 - Urban Change Flashcards
WWhat ways do cities have to develop as they urbanise? (5)
Economic, social, technological, political and demographic
Why do cities attract people from rural areas?
They offer more job opportunities and they’re better paid
What happens as urban population increases?
Businesses, like factories and shops grow in size and become more profitable, leading to more jobs that are better paid
what happens as countries develop economically?
Commercial farming overtakes subside farming as the primary method of food production. The decline in agricultural jobs drives more people to towns and city
What social reasons do people have to move to towns and cities?
Cities often have high standards of living and better healthcare and education
What happens as more people move to the city?
The economy grows and it can become a centre for cultural experiences with museums and art galleries
What has happened because of the emergence of factories in cities?
Urban areas have become hotspots for technological advancement
Give an example of a technological advancement in the 19th century
Manchester became the 1st industrialised city in the world and was branded ‘cottonopolis’ because of the cotton-pressing there
Where is an advanced place that’s more recent
Silicon Valley in California
Why do these areas attract people
They Are specialised and highly paid jobs
What can urban growth lead to
Increased inequality between the rich and poor
What new working class emerged
Made up of people who work in manufacturing industries
What does political reform focus on
Issues that affect urban life eg - poor sanitation, quality of housing and working conditions in factories
What happens as cities become larger and wealthier
They attract migrants from all over the world
What happens because of these migrants
Areas become ethnically and culturally diverse and new areas emerge
Why do young people move to the city
They’re attracted by jobs and entertainment
What has happened since the 1970s?
Developed countries have experienced deindustrialisation
What 3 changes in processes have developed countries experienced in the last 50 years
Deindustrialisation, rise of the service economy and decentralisation
What happened in the 1960s
some developing countries like Singapore became industrialised
Why did this happen
countries were able to produce goods at a cheaper price than the USA or Europe because of cheap labour prices
What happened by the 70s?
The developed world struggled to compete with the products manufactured by the developing world
What did this cause
Industries collapse leading to mass unemployment and poverty
What did deindustrialisation cause in the UK
Unemployment to rise above 3 million in 1983 - this is the highest since WW2
What happened during the 1980s
Many service industries began to expand and dominate western economies
What are these industries responsible for?
The majority of economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisayion
What is decentralisation?
As land prices in city centres increase, business like shops and offices relocate to the suburbs
What has decentralisation led to
The rise out of town retail parks
What has decentralisation caused
City centre shops and offices to close leading to buildings being abandoned, jobs losses and urban poverty
What schemes has the government implemented since 1979 (4)
- Urban Development Corporation (UDC)
- Enterprise zones
- City challenge
- Partnership schemes
When was UDC
1979 - 1990s
What happened in 1979 in the UK
Many city centres were in catastrophic decline
What did the government do because of this decline
Created UDCs which used private sector funding to restore derelict land
When and where were the first UDCs created
1981 - London Docklands and Liverpool
How many UDCs were there by 1993
12 - They helped to redevelop some of the most rundown areas in the country
Why were UDCs criticised
FOr ignoring the need of local people eg - affordable housing and suitable jobs
What case study is used for UDCs
London dockland development cooperation (LDDC)
When were enterprise zones
1981 - present
Where were Ez’s established
Across areas with high employment
WHat was the aim of Ezs?
to attract start up companies to the area to create jobs
How did they meet these aims
By reducing tax
What happened to Ezs by the 1990s?
They housed 5000 companies and employed 125,000 people
What was a problem with Ezs
Tax reductions encouraged many existing companies to move their premises and staff to Ezs, which limited the number of jobs created
What case study is used for Ezs
Birmingham
When was city challenge
1991 - 1997
What did city challenge do
Local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas
What did city challenge work with?
The local community and private companiess to improve the physical, economic and social environment of an area
What was the funding allocated to
projects that benefited the local community like improving housing
What happened by 1997
over 50,000 jobs were created and 40,000 houses improved
What was the problem with city challenge
Many deprived areas didn’t recieve any money
What case study is used for city challenge
Hulme
When were partnership schemes
2010 - present
What do partnership schemes do
Governments work with private companies to provide financial suppirt and expertise for urban regeneration
Why were the schemes designed
To improve physical, economic and social environments in deprived areas, building new homes and reducing unemployment
WHats an example of partnership schemes
The Liverpool City Region Local Enterprise Partnership was estbalished in 2012 and aims to increase business activity in Liverpool and create new jobs
What case study do we use for partnership schemes
Liverpool
