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Human Geography > CUE 3 - Urban Forms > Flashcards

CUE 3 - Urban Forms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urban form

A

The physical characteristics that make up a place, including size, shape, population density and how the city is made up

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2
Q

Where were many cities established

A

In areas with good water supply, fertile soil for growing foods, plentiful natural resources and woodland for fuel and good defensive positions (normally on top of a hill)

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3
Q

WHat happens over time

A

The urban form of cities change

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4
Q

What are these changes influenced by

A

Physical and human factors

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5
Q

What are the 4 physical factors

A
  • Topography
  • Water
  • Natural resources
  • land type
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6
Q

What is topography

A

Physical features often influence the growth of cities

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7
Q

What is an example of topography influencing cities

A

Steep slopes are harder to build on and less accessible, so poorer housing like slums are built there

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8
Q

What do larger flat areas encourage

A

Low density developments because there’s lots of building space

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9
Q

How does water influence urban form

A

The presence of lakes and seas limit urban growth in those areas, while cities may grow along the course of the river, city centre shops and businesses are located close to the waterfront, rather than at geographical centre of the city

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10
Q

How do natural resources affect the physical factors

A

Rich resources, like coal and metal, encourage growth in size and population of cities

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11
Q

How does land type affect the physical factors

A

Some ground surfaces are harder or expensive to build on than others, like swaps and wetlands can limit urban growth

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12
Q

WHat 3 human factors cause change

A
  • Planning
  • Infrastructure
  • land use
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13
Q

How does planning affect these human factors

A

Urban expansion can be planned or unplanned

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14
Q

What happens when there’s lots of urban growth

A

In developing countries there’s lots of urban growth caused by the unplanned expansion of slums

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15
Q

WHat are planned developments like?

A

They include open space and leisure facilities

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16
Q

How does infrastructure affect human factors

A

New developments are often built along transport links leading to linear growth

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17
Q

How does land value affect the human factors

A

The highest land value is often in the city centre, so profitable businesses locate there while less profitable businesses are further from the city

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18
Q

What do cities in developed countries have?

A

CBD - Central zone for shops and businesses

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19
Q

What surrounds the CBD

A

Housing

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20
Q

What happens in regards to land value around the CBD

A

It tends to be highest in the city and then increases the further you move away from the city centre

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21
Q

What are inner city areas like

A

Have high land value, so housing is high density. Wages are low and residents live in poverty. The proportion of people from ethnic minorities tend to be high

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22
Q

What is land value like in rural areas and semi-rural areas

A

It’s lower so residential areas are less dense and have more open space

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23
Q

What is happening because of the availability of cheap land in surrounding city areas

A

science parks and large shopping areas eg - Bristol and Bath science park

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24
Q

What is the CBD like in developing world

A

Its surrounded by housing which decreases in value with distance away from the centre

25
Q

What are people like in these houses

A

Wages are high and residents are wealthy.

25
Q

Where is the high cost housing built

A

Around the city - centre because land value is highest here

26
Q

What surrounds the high cost housing

A

A zone of medium cost housing

27
Q

What normally happens with medium cost housing

A

It starts as an informal settlement, but gradually the housing and services have improved

28
Q

What is the land value on the outskirts of a city

A

Very low

29
Q

What does this mean for the residents?

A

Low-cost and informal housing is built there, often with limited access to services, most residents have poorly paid jobs and there’s high poverty levels

30
Q

Who often lives in these areas

A

immigrants from elsewhere in the country and people from developing countries

31
Q

What are 5 features of modern urban areas

A

Town centre mixed developments, cultural and heritage quarters, fortress developments, gentrified areas and edge cities

32
Q

What are town centre mixed developments

A

Areas where land use is mixed - luxury flats, offices, shops and entertainment is there, so residential, commercial and leisure are combined

33
Q

How are they planned

A

By local councils, often with private investment

34
Q

What is their aim

A

To attract people back to city centres by giving them opportunities to live, work and relax there

35
Q

Whats an example of a town centre mixed development

A

Liverpool One

36
Q

What are cultural and heritage quarters

A

Areas that focus on the history or character of a city, which exhibits the cities history

37
Q

What do they have

A

Theatres, art galleries and historical buildings

38
Q

How are they developed

A

By local councils to regenerate former industrial areas

39
Q

Why is it good that they attract visitors

A

Encourages economic development and creates jobs

40
Q

Whats an example of a cultural heritage quarter

A

Sparkhill

41
Q

What are fortress developments

A

Developments with lots of security like CCTV, guards and high walls

42
Q

Where are fortress developments located

A

In suburban areas of larger cities and only those with permission can enter

43
Q

What is their purpose

A

To be a safe environment for families - only rich people can afford them

44
Q

What is an example of fortress developments

A

Gated communities eg - London’s RIng of Steel

45
Q

What is gentrification

A

When wealthier people move to rundown inner - city areas and regenerate them by improving housing

46
Q

What do gentrified areas have

A

A large range of services and contain high quality housing

47
Q

What happens to poorer residents in gentrified areas

A

They’re displaced as the cost - of - living increases, leading to social and ethnic segregation

48
Q

What is an example of gentrification

A

Notting Hill

49
Q

What are edge cities

A

New areas of offices, shops and leisure facilties

50
Q

Where do they develop

A

Close to major transport links as land is cheaper

51
Q

When did most edge cities develop

A

Since the 1950s and 1960s as car ownership increased

52
Q

Where are edge cities most common

A

USA

53
Q

Whats an example of an edge city

A

Las Vegas

54
Q

What is happening to cities in developed countries

A

They’re gradually moving away from uniformity in architecture and clear cut patterns of land use

55
Q

What are these called

A

Post - modern western cities

56
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of post-modern western cities

A
  • Multiple centres with different purposes rather than a single centre
  • Focus on tertiary and quaternary industry instead of secondary
  • Less uniform architecture
  • Planning prioritises aesthetics rather than practical use
  • Higher social and economic inequality
57
Q

Whats an example of a city with post - modernism -

A

Londons buildings eg - Gherkin and cheese grater

58
Q
A

Human Geography (5 decks)

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