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Pharm > CTX not in sketchy > Flashcards

CTX not in sketchy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for cyclophosphamide in cancer?

What about for ifosphamide?

A

Breast cancer
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Testicular cancer
Soft tissue carcinoma (sarcomas)

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2
Q

What drug is an analogue of cyclophosphamide?

A

Ifosfamide

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3
Q

What type of drug is temozolomide? (MoA?)

A

Alkylating agent

Monofunctional alkylating agent: spontaneous hydrolysis of DNA-active species and methylates DNA.

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4
Q

What is the indication for temozolomide?

A

Brain tumors (GBM)

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5
Q

What are the toxicities for temozolomide?

A

Myelosuppression
*Pneumocystic PNA
N/V, hair loss

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6
Q

What drug helps prevent hematuria (and hemorrhagic cystitis) w/ifosphamide administration? (and rarely w/cyclophosphamide)?

A

Mesna

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7
Q

Which of the platinum agents have the same indications?

A

Cisplatin + carboplatin

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8
Q

What are the indications for cisplatin + carboplatin?

What is the indication for oxaliplatin?

A 
Testicular cancer (curative!)
Lung, ovary, head/neck, bladder cancers

Colorectal cancer (doubles survival)

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9
Q

Which of the platinum agents can cause neuropathy?

A

(Cisplatin)

Oxaliplatin (dose-limiting)

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10
Q

Which of the platinum agents can cause myelosuppression?

A

(*cisplatin does NOT cause myelosuppression)
Carboplatin
Oxaliplatin

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11
Q

Which of the platinum agents can cause ototoxicity?

A

Cisplatin

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12
Q

Which of the platinum agents can cause nephrotoxicity?

How can it be prevented?

A

Cisplatin

Administer with hydration and mannitol diuresis (chloruresis)
Dose reduction for renal insufficiency

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13
Q

Describe the types of neuropathy that can seen w/oxaliplatin.

A
  • Acute cold-induced neuropathy (begins immediately)

- Chronic sensory neuropathy (mild, rarely disabling and slowly resolves)

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14
Q

Which of the platinum cmpds can cause hypomagnesemia?

A

Cisplatin

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15
Q

Which of the platinum cmpds is a vein irritant?

A

Oxaliplatin

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16
Q

What are the indications for vincristine?

What are the indications for vinblastine?

A

Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s disease
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Lung & breast cancer

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17
Q

What are the indications for paclitaxel?

A

Ovarian cancer
Breast cancer
Gastroesophageal cancer
Non-small cell lung cancers

(OBG N)

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18
Q

Which of the vinca (plant) alkaloids are vesicants?

A

All (vincristine, vinblastine, taxanes)

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19
Q

What is the major reason to adjust dose for the vinca alkaloids?

A

Dose reduction in presence of jaundice (order bili)

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20
Q

What are some SE’s of paclitaxel besides neuropathy, myelosuppression, and being a vesicant?

How can you avoid an infusion rxn w/paclitaxel?

A

Stomatitis, arthralgias/myalgias.

Premedicate with steroids

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21
Q

Which drug categories are cross-resistant due to MDR?

A

The intercalating and non-intercalating topoisomerase II inhibitors and the tubulin inhibitors (vinca alkaloids)

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22
Q

What are the indications for etoposide?

A

Small cell lung cancer
Testicular cancer
Lymphoma

(small testicular lymphoma)

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23
Q

What specific type of cancer can etoposide cause?

What other minor SE’s does it cause (besides hair loss, myelosuppression)?

A

Leukemogenic

N/V

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24
Q

Are any of the platinum cmpds emetogenic? Which?

A

Cisplatin

Oxaliplatin causes N/V as well

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25
Q

When would you adjust your dose w/etoposide?

A

Dose reduce for hepatic or renal dysfunction

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26
Q

What are the indications for ironotecan?

A

GI tract (eg colon) cancers

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of diarrhea seen w/ironotecan?

How would you treat each?

A

Early cholinergic diarrhea treated with atropine

Late secretory diarrhea (treated w/imodium & hydration)

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28
Q

When would you adjust your dose w/ironotecan?

A

Dose reduction for jaundice (order bili)

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29
Q

Pts w/Gilbert’s syndrome should not be given what chemo drug?
Why?

A

Ironotecan

UGT1A1*28 (decreases glucuronidation and increases myelosuppression and diarrhea, mutation in 9% of Caucasian and African population)

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30
Q

What are the toxic SE’s for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide besides myelosuppression and hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitic?

What other unique SE’s can ifosfamide have at high doses?

A

Both: N/V, hair loss

Ifosfamide: lethargy and confusion

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31
Q

Describe how AUC is related to carboplatin.

What is the equation for AUC calculation?

A

Linear relationship between GFR and carboplatin plasma clearance

Dose (mg)=AUC x (GFR + 25)

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32
Q

Which of the platinum drugs is easiest to administer?

A

Carboplatin.

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33
Q

What are the indications for doxorubicin?

A 
Breast cancer
Leukemia
Sarcoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
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34
Q

How would you specifically describe the pharmacologic category of the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin?

A

Schedule-dependent cumulative

anti-tumor effect is schedule-independent

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35
Q

What other SE’s does doxorubicin cause besides myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, hair loss, and stomatitis?

A

N/V

Vesicant

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36
Q

What lab values should you get w/doxorubicin?

A

Obtain EF 1st due to irreversible cardiotoxicity (ultrasound, etc.). Also get a bilirubin to avoid jaundice.

(Maximum life time dose: 400 mg/M^2)

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37
Q

How would you avoid the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin?

When else would you reduce the dose?

A

Pretreatment with an iron chelator may be helpful: dexrazoxane

Dose reduction for jaundice

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38
Q

When is bleomycin indicated?

A

Testicular cancer

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39
Q

How would you specifically describe the pharmacologic category of the pulmonary adverse effects of bleomycin?

A

Cumulative

Avoid high inspired concentrations of oxygen:
When pts w/ h/o bleomycin administration are given high inspired O2 concentrations, there is a risk of pulmonary damage and death. If O2 is necessary, administer the lowest FiO2 to maintain oxygen saturation > 90 %.

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40
Q

When would you reduce the dose of bleomycin, besides in pulmonary toxicity?

A

Reduce dose in those w/renal insufficiency (excreted in urine)

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41
Q

What are the indications for prednisone?

A

In high doses for lymphoma and multiple myeloma (lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative diseases).

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42
Q

What are the indications for dexamethasone? (2)

A
  • Reduce cerebral edema and initial tx for spinal cord compression (less mineralocorticoid activity vs. prednisone).
  • In combo w/ other agents (5HT3 inhibitors) to treat chemotherapy-related emesis
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43
Q

What is the ‘flare rxn’ w/leuprolife administration?

How could you avoid the flare reaction seen w/leuprolide acetate administration to treat prostate cancer?

A

Initial worsening of sx in pts w/ prostate cancer since T production initially increases before decreasing.

Therefore, the pt is treated with flutamide or bicalutamide for 2-4 weeks before institution of leuprolide tx (depot injections). The flutamide or bicalutamide are then discontinued.
(lutamides are androgen-receptor antagonists)

44
Q

Recall: what can leuprolide treat in men? (1)

Recall it’s MoA

Side effects of leuprolide acetate?

A

Prostate cancer

Sustained activation of GnRH receptor inhibits release of gonadotropins

Weakness, decreased libido, ED, loss of muscle mass, gynecomastia, change in body fat distribution

45
Q

What cancers is MTX effective against?

A

Lymphoma, leukemia
Brain tumors
Breast cancer

RA; psoriasis

46
Q

How do you need to alter MTX administration in order to treat brain tumors effectively?

A

High dose required to penetrate CNS

47
Q

When would you reduce the dose of MTX?

When else is MTX contraindicated? (why?)

A

Renal insufficiency

Volume of distribution is total body water: contraindicated in ascites & pleural effusions; probenicid

48
Q

How do ASA, PCN, and sulfonamides interfere w/MTX administration, specifically?

A

Enhanced toxicity if given with drugs that displace MTX from albumin binding site and/or decrease excretion of drug in urine (eg ASA, sulfonamides, PCN)

49
Q

How can MTX be administered?

A

*Intrathecal, IM, PO

50
Q

What are the indications for 5-FU?

A

GI, breast, head, and neck cancer

Given concomitantly w/radiation as “radiation sensitizer”

51
Q

What is a rare SE’s a/w 5-FU that was not covered in sketchy?

A

Rare: coronary artery vasospasm and cerebellar toxicity

52
Q

What drug is effected by leucovorin (besides MTX), and how?

A

Leucovorin enhances the cytotoxicity of 5-FU, as well as SE’s.

53
Q

What genetic tested in required when giving 5-FU?

A 
Dihydropyrimidine DH (DPD) deficiency 
Dihydropyrimidine is 5-FU's hepatic metabolite will produce severe toxicity if 5-FU administered (common).
54
Q

What is the specific indication for hydroxyurea?

A

Emergently decreases high WBC count in pts with AML.

High white counts in myeloid leukemias can produce leukostasis in capillaries and lead to organ damage and death

55
Q

What is pemetrexed’s MoA? (What drug is this similar to?)

What are the toxicities a/w pemetrexed?

A

Antifol; polyglutamated.
Cell cycle specific (S phase)
Inhibits thymidylate synthase. (similar to 5-FU)

Myelosuppression (dose-limiting. Pretreatment with vitamin B-12 and oral folic acid decreases the extent of myelosuppression)
Hand-foot syndrome
Rash, stomatitis, diarrhea (similar to 5-FU w/o the rare cardiac vasospasms and cerebellar toxicity)

56
Q

When is pemetrexed indicated?

A

Lung cancer

Mesothelioma

57
Q

What type of cancer does cytosine arabinoside AKA cytarabine treat?

A

AML

58
Q

What are the toxicities a/w cytarabine besdies myelosuppression?

What additional toxicities are a/w the high dose form?

A

N/V, hair loss, stomatitis
Hepatic toxicity

High dose: cerebellar toxicity, conjunctivitis, myelosuppression

59
Q

Besides doxorubicin, what other anti-cancer drug we went over has schedule-dependent toxicity?

A

Cytarabine aka cytosine arabinoside

60
Q

What is the specific dosing regimen used for cytarabine when treating AML (and what is the other drug used in this regimen)?

A

3 + 7 regimen: 3 days of doxorubicin or daunorubicin and 7 days of continuous infusion of cytarabine

61
Q

What are the indications for gemcitabine (fluorinated analogue of cytarabine)?

A

Pancreas and lung cancers

62
Q

What is the name of the pro-drug of 5-FU?

Why would it be given instead of 5-FU?

A

Capecitabine

Can be given PO

63
Q

What toxicities are a/w capecitabine (pro-drug of 5-FU)?

A

Rash, diarrhea, stomatitis, hand-foot syndrome, some myelosuppression

64
Q

What is 6-mercaptopurine used to treat?

A

Childhood leukemia

65
Q

Why would you use the analogue of 6-MP? (name the analogue as well)

A

6-thioguanine can be used at full dose when the patient is also receiving allopurinol because 6-thioguanine undergoes deamination that does not involve the enzyme xanthine oxidase

66
Q

What are the SE’s of imatinib besides edema?

A

Nausea, muscle cramps, abdominal pain, rash, diarrhea, anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

67
Q

What “tinib” agents are metabolized by CYP3A4?

A

Imatinib mesylate

Erlotinib

68
Q

W/what agent must you monitor thyroid hormone levels?

A

Imatinib

Monitor TSH levels: increases the clearance of TH in hypothyroid pts taking thyroid replacement therapy.

69
Q

How is mutational analysis a/w erlotinib tx?

A

Pts w/EGFR-activating mutations are more sensitive to erlotinib (perform mutational analysis prior). If the tumor has an “activating mutation” of EGFR, erlotinib and NOT ctx is the treatment of choice for metastatic adenocarcinoma of lung.

70
Q

What are the toxicities of erlotinib besides rash and diarrhea?

A

Anorexia, fatigue.

71
Q

What other drug is closely related to sorafenib and sunitinib?

A

Pazopanib

72
Q

What do sorafenib, sunitinib, and pazopanib all treat?

A

RCC

73
Q

Besides RCC, what else can sorafenib treat?

A

Unresectable hepatocellular cancer

74
Q

Besides RCC, what else can sunitinib treat?

A

Pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer

GI stromal tumor

75
Q

What are the side effects of all VEGF-blockers (bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, and pazopanib), besides increased risk of hemorrhage, clotting, and colon perforation?

A

Hypertension, proteinuria, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (**PRES), infusion reactions.

Sorafenib, sunitinib, and pazpanib: also hand-foot syndrome & CHF (uncommon).

76
Q

What is the name of the mutation in that must be seen to use vemurafenib to treat this type of melanoma?

A

V600E BRAF mutation

think about the name V600Emu(tation)RAFenib

77
Q

What are the adverse effects of cetuximab besides infusion reactions and rash?

A

Diarrhea, hypomagnesemia

78
Q

What cancers can cetuximab treat?

A

Lung cancer
Colorectal cancer
(Head & neck cancers receiving radiation tx)

79
Q

Why should you do mutational analysis with cetuximab? (explain, including which of its indications)

A

K-RAS and N-RAS are better predictors to tx response than EGFR (they are downstream signalers) in colorectal cancer. Perform mutational analysis 1st to make sure they’re wildtype. If mutated: no response to cetuximab.

80
Q

What are the indications for bevacizuab?

A

Lung cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer

must combine w/chemo

81
Q

What cancer can trastuzumab be used to treat besides breast?

A

Gastric

82
Q

What are some adverse effects of trastuzumab besides cardiotoxicity and infusion rxns?

A

Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, headache, SOB, back pain, rash and muscle pain.
Allergic reactions.

83
Q

Pts also receiving what medication have a higher risk of cardiac toxicity when taking trastuzumab?

A

Anthracycline

84
Q

What must be monitored when giving trastuzumab?

A

EF

85
Q

What is the MoA and indication for crizotinib?

A

Binds to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)

TOC for metastatic adenocarcinoma of lung if pt has ALK rearrangement.

86
Q

What is the adverse effect a/w crizotinib?

A

Interstitial lung disease

87
Q

What is the MoA for L-asparaginase?

Also, what is it’s indication?

A

Depletes asparagine pools rapidly. Leukemia cells lack asparagine synthetase and cannot synthesize asparagine. Cellular effects due to decrease in protein synthesis.

ALL

88
Q

What are the adverse effects a/w L-asparaginase?

A

Allergic rxns; elevated liver enzymes; clotting (decreased AT3), pancreatitis; elevated glucose.

89
Q

What is another name for all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)?

A

Tretinoin

90
Q

What is the MoA for ATRA?

What is its indication?

A

Induces terminal differentiation of leukemic cells

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (PML, or APL) (combined w/ctx)

91
Q

What adverse effects are a/w ATRA?

A

Mucocutaneous toxicity

Retinoic acid syndrome: fever, weight gain, lung infiltrates and pleural or pericardial effusions

92
Q

What is the MoA for arsenic trioxide?

What is its indication?

A

Allows myeloid differentiation to continue and apoptosis to occur

TOC for relapsed PML

93
Q

What adverse effects are a/w arsenic trioxide?

A

Fatigue, weight gain, retinoic acid syndrome, QT prolongation

94
Q

List the chemocurable cancers.

A 
Hodgkin’s disease
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Childhood leukemia
Metastatic testicular cancer
Burkitt’s lyphoma
Choriocarcinoma (female)
95
Q

Which chemo agent can also be given concomitantly w/radiation as “radiation sensitizer”?

A

5-FU

96
Q

What are the adverse effects of tamoxifen?

A

Hot flashes
Increased risk of thromboembolic events
Increased risk of endometrial cancer

97
Q

What are the adverse effects of aromatase inhibitors?

Let Ana’s ex inhibit Aram

A

Arthralgias, bone pain, bone loss, osteoporosis, hot flashes

98
Q

Review some adverse effects of glucocorticoids.

A

Weight gain, hypertension, edema, carbohydrate intolerance, suppression of pituitary-adrenal axis, weakness, euphoria, increased appetite

99
Q

List the drugs that are cross resistant if MDR is the primary mechanism of resistance.

A

Vincristine (tubulin inhibitor)
Vinblastine (tubulin inhibitor)
Etoposide (Topo II inhibitor)
Doxorubicin (Topo II inhibitor)
Daunorubicin/Daunomycin (Topo II inhibitor)
Dactinomycin/Actinomycin D (Topo II inhibitor)

100
Q

Which plant alkaloid is not a “spindle poison”?

A

Etoposide

101
Q

Which drugs require a dose reduction in the presence of jaundice?

A 
Vincristine
Vinblastine
Paclitaxel
Doxorubicin
Etoposide
Ironotecan
Cytarabine
102
Q

Which drugs require a dose reduction in the presence of renal insufficiency?

A

Cisplatin
Bleomycin
Etoposide
Methotrexate

103
Q

What other drug can be administered intrathecally besides MTX?

A

Cytarabine (aka cytosine arabinoside)

104
Q

Why is alkalinization of the urine important in the implementation of the high dose
methotrexate with rescue strategy?

A

MTX solubility increases in high pH. Alkalinize to promote excretion.

105
Q

Polyglutamation of methotrexate decreases the ability of leucovorin to rescue any cell
from the cytotoxicity of methotrexate. Why?

A

If cells have poly-glutamated MTX, leucovorin probably will not rescue. Bone marrow cells and gastrointestinal epithelial cells do not form polyglutamates. Therefore, bone marrow and GI epithelium is rescued.

Pharm (32 decks)

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