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Geography YR9 > CT3 > Flashcards

CT3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of weather?

A

A short-term changes to the state of the atmosphere.

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2
Q

What is the definition ofclimate?

A

A longer term weather patterns in a place

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3
Q

What does GC stand for?

A

Make a general comment about the pattern.

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4
Q

What does S stand for?

A

Include some specific data

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5
Q

What does E stand for?

A

Are there any exceptions that disagree with your GC?

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6
Q

How has earth’s temperature been over the years?

A

It has fluctuated

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7
Q

What does glacial periods mean?

A

When it is very cold (an ice age)

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8
Q

What does interglacial periods mean?

A

When it is warmer (between ice ages)

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9
Q

What are the four natural causes of climate change?

A

-Volcanic activity
-Asteroid collision
-Solar flares
-Orbit of the Earth

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10
Q

When carbon-dioxide is high, what happens to Earth’s temperature?

A

It rises

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11
Q

When carbon-dioxide is low, what happens to Earth’s temperature?

A

It decreases

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12
Q

How does Volcanic activity help cause climate change?

A

-It warms and cools
-ashes are emitted into the atmosphere and therefore cools the climate.
-CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere and warms the climate.

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13
Q

How does Asteroid collision help cause climate change?

A

-It cools
-throw dust clouds up, which block the sun’s heat

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14
Q

How does Solar flares help cause climate change?

A

-It warms and cools
-When there are more sun spots, the sun has to work harder to heat up the planet
-When there are less sun spots the earth is cool

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15
Q

How does Orbit of the earth help cause climate change?

A

-It warms and cools
-When the earths orbit is more elliptical (warmer)
-When the earths orbit is more spherical (cooler)

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16
Q

How does the greenhouse effect happen naturally?

A

-The sun emits short-wave solar radiation towards the earth.
-This can pass through out atmosphere, warming earths surface.
-The warm earth re-radiates long-wave radiation (heat) back to the atmosphere
-Some of the long-wave radiation escapes to space
-Some of the long-wave radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, warming up earth.

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17
Q

How does the greenhouse effect happen with humans?

A

-The sun emits solar radiation which travels to the layer of green house gases outside of the earths atmosphere.
-The layer of greenhouse gasses is thicker
-When the heat reaches the earth all of it is re-radiated back towards the earth.
-Non is escaped into space.

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18
Q

Why is the greenhouse gas effect important?

A

It keeps the earth at a habitable temperature.

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19
Q

What is the albedo effect?

A

When ice melts and sea becomes larger. So more heat absorbed.

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20
Q

What are some greenhouse gases?

A

N2O, Methane, CO2 and H2O

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21
Q

What are the six human activities that increase greenhouse gases?

A

-energy production
-Landfill
-Cattle farming
-Deforestation
-Rice farming
-transportation

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22
Q

How does cattle farming increase greenhouse gases?

A

Cows produce methane (CH4) as a by-product

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23
Q

How does rice farming increase greenhouse gases?

A

Bacteria releases methane (CH4) when it is growing

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24
Q

How does landfill increase greenhouse gases?

A

Decaying waste releases methane (CH4) into the atmosphere.

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25
Q

How does Deforestation increase greenhouse gases?

A

Releases CO2 AND trees can then absorb less CO2

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26
Q

How does energy production increase greenhouse gases?

A

Burning fossil fuels like oil/gas/coal releases CO2 and N2O

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27
Q

How does transportation increase greenhouse gases?

A

Burning petrol and diesel releases carbon-dioxide (CO2)

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28
Q

What are glaciers?

A

A persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight.

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29
Q

How are glaciers formed?

A

Where the accumulation (increase) of snow exceeds its ablation (melting) over many years, often centuries.

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30
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

When water gets into gaps in the valley side. It freezes at night and expands, breaking the rock apart.

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31
Q

What is abrasion?

A

A type of erosion. When scree is trapped at the base of the glacier act like sandpaper as they smooth, widen and deepen the base of the valley.

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32
Q

What is plucking?

A

A form of erosion. It is when the rocks on the sides and base of the valleys are trapped in the ice and pulled off and moved down the valley trapped in the glacier. If they are plucked from the base.

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33
Q

What is scree?

A

Tiny bits of rock

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34
Q

What did the earth look like 20,000 year ago?

A

Most of northern Europe was covered in ice/glaciers.

35
Q

What does a corrie look like?

A

It is looks like a arm chair shape in the valley. At the bottom of the chair’s seat is called the tarn.

36
Q

What are the three pieces of evidence of glaciers?

A

-U-shaped valleys
-Glacial striations
-Glacial erratic

37
Q

How are U-shaped valleys evidence of a glacier?

A

The valley was origionally a V-shaped and now it is U-shaped. Due to the glacier moving and eroding the bottom. The glacier moves down the valley, carving the valley.

38
Q

How does a glacier move down a valley?

A

-Gravity
-The bottom becomes compressed and pressured and it begins to melt.
-It then moves.

39
Q

How are glacial striations evidence of a glacier?

A

Created through abrasion, rocks are scrapped along the base and sides of a valley. Rocks are forced into the sides and floors and dragged along created carvings which can be a few cm deep.

40
Q

How are erratic’s evidence of a glacier?

A

They are large rocks which have been dropped by the glacier. Large boulders picked up by the glacier further up the valley are transported down. When the glacier melts, the rocks are dropped in their location.

41
Q

What is renewable energy?

A

It is energy that can be naturally replenished meaning it is infinate

42
Q

What is non-renewable energy?

A

a finite energy source meaning it is used quicker than it is being replenished

43
Q

What are some examples of a renewable energy source?

A

sunlight
wind
rain
tides
waves
geothermal heat

44
Q

What are some examples of non-renewable energy sources?

A

fossil fuels
coal
oil
natural gas

45
Q

What is geothermal energy?

A

energy from the earth.
deep underground, the earths rock is very hot. We can turn their heat into electrical energy.

46
Q

What are the advantages of geothermal energy?

A

Renewable
Does not create greenhouse gasses because nothing is burned

47
Q

What are the disadvantages of geothermal energy?

A

Very few places to do this.
Only some religions can use this type of energy.
Expensive.

48
Q

What is Hydroelectric energy?

A

Energy from rivers.
The water flowing in a river has kinetic energy. We can turn this into electrical energy to use in our homes. We usually need to build a dam, and let the water flow through it gradually.

49
Q

What are the advantages of Hydroelectric energy?

A

Renewable.

Countries can build their own dams and therefore do not need to import energy from other countries.

The electricity created is cheaper than other sources of energy so that local communities can afford it.

50
Q

Disadvantages of Hydroelectric energy?

A

To build a dam, you need a lot of space. This leads to people having to move out of the area.

Huge areas of land are flooded to create dams, damaging ecosystems such as tropical rainforests.

51
Q

What is solar energy?

A

Energy from the sun.
The Earth gets heat and light energy from the sun all the time.

52
Q

Advantages of solar energy?

A

Renewable.

No pollution because nothing gets burned.

53
Q

Disadvantages of solar energy?

A

Solar cells and solar panels are expensive.

Only works if it’s sunny!

Can be an eyesore.

54
Q

What is wind energy?

A

Energy from the wind.
Using wind turbines, we can turn the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy which we can use in our homes.

55
Q

Advantages of wind energy?

A

Renewable.
Wind turbines can be built on land and at sea.
Turbines are quite cheap and easy to build.

56
Q

Disadvantages of wind energy?

A

Turbines can be ugly and noisy which might upset local communities.

Only works if it’s quite windy! So not very reliable.

57
Q

What is biomass energy?

A

Energy from plants.
The chemical potential energy stored in things that were once alive (e.g. trees) can be turned into heat energy by burning them.

58
Q

Advantages of biomass energy?

A

Renewable.
Doesn’t need any special equipment, so it can be used very easily, even in poor countries.
Doesn’t add to the greenhouse effect.

59
Q

Disadvantages of biomass energy?

A

Large areas of land are needed to grow enough trees.

60
Q

What is tidal energy?

A

Energy from sea tides.
If you’ve ever been to the coast, you may have noticed that the sea level goes up and down, because of tides. When the tide is high, the water has lots of gravitational potential energy, which we can turn into electrical energy to use in our homes.

61
Q

Advantages of tidal energy?

A

Renewable.
No pollution, because nothing gets burned.
Reliable, because there are always two tides every day.
Cheap to run, once it’s built.

62
Q

Disadvantages of tidal energy?

A

Costs a lot to build the dam.
The dam may cause local flooding.

63
Q

What is wave energy?

A

Energy from sea waves.
The sea’s waves have kinetic energy. Using machines that bob up and down in the waves, this energy can be turned into electrical energy which we can use in our homes.

64
Q

Advantages of wave energy?

A

Renewable
No pollution, because nothing gets burned.

65
Q

Disadvantage of wave energy?

A

Need lots of machines to get a reasonable amount of energy.
The machines costs a lot of money.
The machines can look ugly.

66
Q

What is nuclear energy?

A

Nuclear energy is a way of creating energy by splitting apart atoms. At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when atoms split apart . The heat from the atoms boils water and creates steam which turns a turbine and generates electricity.

67
Q

Advantages of nuclear energy?

A

Gives off no greenhouse gases.
Only a small bit of uranium is needed to make a LOT of energy = it has high energy potential.
It is recyclable

68
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear energy?

A

The waste created is highly radioactive. It must be disposed of safely and carefully.

Uranium supplies will run out.

69
Q

What is oil energy?

A

Oil is extracted from the earth through large suction pumps which suck it up from deep underneath the earths surface. Back at the power stations the oil is then burned. As the oil burns, it heats water in a boiler above it. This produces steam which powers a turbine engine.

70
Q

Advantages of oil energy?

A

Oil is cheap and easy to transport.
It is still quite abundant. This means there is still quite a lot of it.

71
Q

Disadvantages of oil energy?

A

Oil spills are frequent and have huge impacts on the surrounding environment, particularly when they happen at sea.
As oil begins to run out it is becoming much more expensive to use.

72
Q

What is coal energy?

A

Coal is extracted from the earth through mining. Once the coal has been collected it is then broken down into a fine powder. The powder is then mixed with hot air in a furnace (a large oven). As the coal burns, it heats water in a boiler above it. This produces steam which powers a turbine engine.

73
Q

Advantages of coal energy?

A

Coal is cheap and easy to transport across the world.

Some of the waste materials generated by burning coal can be recycled and used in cement.

74
Q

Disadvantages of coal energy?

A

It will run out in the next 100 years.
Coal mines are very dangerous places to work.
Burning coal releases lots of greenhouse gases which is bad for the environment.

75
Q

What does recyclable energy mean?

A

the by-product can be reused to create the energy again

76
Q

What are some examples of recyclables?

A

nuclear
biomass

77
Q

What does igneous mean?

A

Volcanic rock
-granite and basalt

78
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

sediment falling to the bottom of the ocean
-limestone, chalk, sandstone

79
Q

What is metamorphic rock?

A

Heat+ compression
-marble, slate

80
Q

What type of rock is fossil fuels?

A

sedimentary rock

81
Q

How is coal created?

A

When dead trees and plant harden under pressure and heat

82
Q

How is oil created?

A

From dead organisms which sink to the bottom of the sea.

83
Q

How is gas created?

A

From dead organisms which sink to the bottom of the sea. MORE heat and pressure.

Geography YR9 (5 decks)

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