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CSD Study Guide > CSD343 Midterm > Flashcards

CSD343 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process called that allows for fast neural transmission

A

Saltatory conduction

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2
Q

What is afferent?

A

Sensory neurons that travel from a pain receptor to the brain
ex. pain

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3
Q

Where is the cerebellum and what does it do?

A

Located in the back of the head and predicts balance and movement

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4
Q

How do neurons communicate with other neurons?

A

Synaptic Transmission

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5
Q

What does “all or nothing” mean when it comes to a neuron firing and what is it’s resting state?

A

Neuron fires an action potent at full strength
Resting state= -70 mV

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6
Q

How does saltatory conduction work?

A

Allows nerve impulses to travel quickly

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7
Q

What does cortico mean?

A

Cortex or spinal

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

Dense
Loose
Specialized

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the brain called?

A

1- Dura mater
2- Arachnoid mater
3- Pia mater

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10
Q

What happens when thrombosis occurs?

A

A clot is formed within the vascular system that affects blood flow

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11
Q

Two paired arteries that go up the side of the neck to supply blood flow are called?

A

1- Carotid
2- Vertebral

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone called?

A

Spongy
Compact

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13
Q

What is efferent?

A

Motor neurons that travel from the brain or spinal cord to the rest of the body
Efferent=exit

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14
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other parts of the body

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15
Q

What is the thalamus and what is it important for?

A

The thalamus relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Where fluid accumulates in the brain, making the head larger (fluid= cerebral spinal fluid)

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17
Q

What does decussation mean?

A

To cross over to the other side

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18
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

When a blood vessel bursts

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19
Q

What makes up myelin in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS- Oligodendrocytes Produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the CNS.

PNS- Schwann cells Produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the PNS.

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20
Q

What is embolus?

A

Blood clot that travels through the bloodstream

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21
Q

Where and what are the function of unipolar and bipolar neurons?

A

Unipolor: sensory, responsible for transmitting sensory information (touch and pain)
Bipolar: sensory, involved in special; sensory functions (vision, smell, and hearing)

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22
Q

Why someone who has paralysis on the right side of their body if the left hemosphere is damaged?

A

Decussation

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23
Q

What and where is the damage when someone has multiple sclerosis?

A

Attacks the myelin sheath
CNS

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24
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

How muscles contract to produce movement

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25
What is nuclei?
A specialized cluster of neurons in the CNS that preform special functions
26
What is dorsal root ganglia and define ganglia?
Cluster's of sensory nerve cell bodies located just outside of the spinal cord. "Ganglia Guard Outside" spinal cord
27
What is the difference between tract and nerves?
Tract- CNS Nerves- PNS
28
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons- Attach muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, and muscle to cartilage Ligaments- connect to cartilage and bones
29
What are the different types of cartilage and where can they be found?
Fibrous- Vertebral disks Hyaline- Larynx and ribcage Elastic- Ears
30
What is the difference between gyrus, sulcus and fissure?
Gyrus- Folds or bumps in the brain Sulcus- Grooves or indents in the brain (shallow) Fissure- Deep indents in the brain
31
What are the function of dendrites?
Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons and send them to the cell body (detect)
32
What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia?
Neurons- send and receive information Neuroglia- don't send signals
33
What are the different types of vertebrae?
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5, fused) Coccyx (4, fused)
34
What is considered the true vertebrae?
Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar
35
What is articulation process?
Where a connection is made with another vertebrae
36
How do ribs attach to the sternum?
Costal Cartilage
37
What are the names of the three sternal bones?
Manubrium Corpus (AKA Meseosternum) Xiphoid process
38
What is the anterior motion of the ribs during superoanterior?
up and forward
39
What is the anterior motion of the ribs during inferoposterior
Down and back
40
What is the lateral motion of the ribs during inferomedial
down and toward midline
41
What is the lateral motion of the ribs during superolateral
up and to the side
42
What are the bones that comprise the shoulder griddle?
Clavicle and Scapula
43
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints
immovable joints found in the skull and between vertebrae
44
What is craniosynostosis?
A condition where the joints between cranial bones fuse too early, causing skull deformities.
45
What are the characteristics of Cartilaginous joints?
Slightly movable joints that contain fibrocartilage, absorbing shock and allowing for slight movement.
46
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid to reduce friction. ex. knee and elbow
47
How does arthritis damages joints?
the hard, slippery tissue that covers the end of bones where they form a joint- break down.
48
What is the visceral pleura?
a delicate, airtight membrane that covers the lungs
49
What is parietal pleura?
a delicate, airtight membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the thoracic walls and the top of the diaphragm.
50
What is a chemoreceptor?
A sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli
51
Where structure is located directly behind the trachea?
the esophagus
52
What does the upper respiratory system consist of?
the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx
53
What does the lower respiratory system consist of?
the larynx, bronchial system, and lungs
54
What helps to filter the lungs and acts as a transport system to get particles out of the lungs?
Epithelium and goblet cells
55
What is the function of the alveoli?
Alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs located in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
56
What is the function of visceral pleural and parietal pleura
visceral and parietal pleura reduce friction during breathing and create a pressure difference that helps keep the lungs inflated.
57
What are antagonistic muscles?
muscles that work against each other to produce movement
58
Hyoid Bone
is a U shaped bone located at the base of the tongue "Hyoid Helps Hold the Tongue"
59
what is the role of relaxation in respiration?
lungs move upward into the thoracic cavity
60
the is the difference in time spent during inspiration and expiration?
inspiration- 40% expiration- 60%
61
the is the difference in time spent during inspiration and expiration while talking?
inspiration- 10% expiration- 90%
62
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Moves downward to cover the airway during swallowing, protecting the lungs, and remains upright during breathing.
63
What is the function of the Arytenoid Cartilage?
Rotate and slide to control the position of the vocal cords, aiding in voice production and regulating airflow.
64
what is lung capacity?
the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold
65
what is lung volume?
The volume of air involved in various stages of breathing
66
what is vital capacity?
the total amount of air exhaled while taking a deep breath
67
what does the sacurm connect
spine to the pelvis
68
what is the function of axons?
Transmits signals to other neurons or muscles. "Axons Away"
69
What is the function of Terminal boutons
Release neurotransmitters to pass the signal to the next neuron or muscle. ( buttons at the end of an axon that release neurotransmitter)
70
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormonal release by controlling the pituitary gland.
71
What are Fontanels?
Soft spots on a baby's skull where the bones haven’t fused yet, allowing brain growth and skull flexibility during birth.
72
Thyroid Cartilage
Forms the bulk of the larynx, commonly referred to as the "Adam's apple."
73
Cricoid cartilage
A ring-shaped structure located below the thyroid cartilage.
74
Arytenoid Cartilages
rotate and slide to control the position of the vocal cords .Pyramid-shaped cartilages that anchor the vocal cords.
75
What is post synaptic membrane?
the part of a neuron or muscle cell that receives a signal during synaptic transmission (post office)
76
What are motor pools?
is a group of motor units that are responsible for innervating muscle (Motor pools Move Muscles)
77
What are motor units?
represented by its neuron and the number of muscle fibers it innervates.

CSD Study Guide (6 decks)

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