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CSD Study Guide > CSD343 Midterm > Flashcards

CSD343 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process called that allows for fast neural transmission

A

Saltatory conduction

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2
Q

What is afferent?

A

Sensory neurons that travel from a pain receptor to the brain
ex. pain

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3
Q

Where is the cerebellum and what does it do?

A

Located in the back of the head and predicts balance and movement

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4
Q

How do neurons communicate with other neurons?

A

Synaptic Transmission

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5
Q

What does “all or nothing” mean when it comes to a neuron firing and what is it’s resting state?

A

Neuron fires an action potent at full strength
Resting state= -70 mV

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6
Q

How does saltatory conduction work?

A

Allows nerve impulses to travel quickly

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7
Q

What does cortico mean?

A

Cortex or spinal

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

Dense
Loose
Specialized

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the brain called?

A

1- Dura mater
2- Arachnoid mater
3- Pia mater

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10
Q

What happens when thrombosis occurs?

A

A clot is formed within the vascular system that affects blood flow

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11
Q

Two paired arteries that go up the side of the neck to supply blood flow are called?

A

1- Carotid
2- Vertebral

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone called?

A

Spongy
Compact

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13
Q

What is efferent?

A

Motor neurons that travel from the brain or spinal cord to the rest of the body
Efferent=exit

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14
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other parts of the body

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15
Q

What is the thalamus and what is it important for?

A

The thalamus relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Where fluid accumulates in the brain, making the head larger (fluid= cerebral spinal fluid)

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17
Q

What does decussation mean?

A

To cross over to the other side

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18
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

When a blood vessel bursts

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19
Q

What makes up myelin in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS- Oligodendrocytes Produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the CNS.

PNS- Schwann cells Produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the PNS.

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20
Q

What is embolus?

A

Blood clot that travels through the bloodstream

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21
Q

Where and what are the function of unipolar and bipolar neurons?

A

Unipolor: sensory, responsible for transmitting sensory information (touch and pain)
Bipolar: sensory, involved in special; sensory functions (vision, smell, and hearing)

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22
Q

Why someone who has paralysis on the right side of their body if the left hemosphere is damaged?

A

Decussation

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23
Q

What and where is the damage when someone has multiple sclerosis?

A

Attacks the myelin sheath
CNS

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24
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

How muscles contract to produce movement

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25
Q

What is nuclei?

A

A specialized cluster of neurons in the CNS that preform special functions

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26
Q

What is dorsal root ganglia and define ganglia?

A

Cluster’s of sensory nerve cell bodies located just outside of the spinal cord.
“Ganglia Guard Outside” spinal cord

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27
Q

What is the difference between tract and nerves?

A

Tract- CNS
Nerves- PNS

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28
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons- Attach muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, and muscle to cartilage
Ligaments- connect to cartilage and bones

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29
Q

What are the different types of cartilage and where can they be found?

A

Fibrous- Vertebral disks
Hyaline- Larynx and ribcage
Elastic- Ears

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30
Q

What is the difference between gyrus, sulcus and fissure?

A

Gyrus- Folds or bumps in the brain
Sulcus- Grooves or indents in the brain (shallow)
Fissure- Deep indents in the brain

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31
Q

What are the function of dendrites?

A

Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons and send them to the cell body (detect)

32
Q

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia?

A

Neurons- send and receive information
Neuroglia- don’t send signals

33
Q

What are the different types of vertebrae?

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5, fused)
Coccyx (4, fused)

34
Q

What is considered the true vertebrae?

A

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar

35
Q

What is articulation process?

A

Where a connection is made with another vertebrae

36
Q

How do ribs attach to the sternum?

A

Costal Cartilage

37
Q

What are the names of the three sternal bones?

A

Manubrium
Corpus (AKA Meseosternum)
Xiphoid process

38
Q

What is the anterior motion of the ribs during superoanterior?

A

up and forward

39
Q

What is the anterior motion of the ribs during inferoposterior

A

Down and back

40
Q

What is the lateral motion of the ribs during inferomedial

A

down and toward midline

41
Q

What is the lateral motion of the ribs during superolateral

A

up and to the side

42
Q

What are the bones that comprise the shoulder griddle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

43
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrous joints

A

immovable joints found in the skull and between vertebrae

44
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

A condition where the joints between cranial bones fuse too early, causing skull deformities.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of Cartilaginous joints?

A

Slightly movable joints that contain fibrocartilage, absorbing shock and allowing for slight movement.

46
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid to reduce friction.
ex. knee and elbow

47
Q

How does arthritis damages joints?

A

the hard, slippery tissue that covers the end of bones where they form a joint- break down.

48
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

a delicate, airtight membrane that covers the lungs

49
Q

What is parietal pleura?

A

a delicate, airtight membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the thoracic walls and the top of the diaphragm.

50
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

A sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli

51
Q

Where structure is located directly behind the trachea?

A

the esophagus

52
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of?

A

the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx

53
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

A

the larynx, bronchial system, and lungs

54
Q

What helps to filter the lungs and acts as a transport system to get particles out of the lungs?

A

Epithelium and goblet cells

55
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs located in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs

56
Q

What is the function of visceral pleural and parietal pleura

A

visceral and parietal pleura reduce friction during breathing and create a pressure difference that helps keep the lungs inflated.

57
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

muscles that work against each other to produce movement

58
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

is a U shaped bone located at the base of the tongue “Hyoid Helps Hold the Tongue”

59
Q

what is the role of relaxation in respiration?

A

lungs move upward into the thoracic cavity

60
Q

the is the difference in time spent during inspiration and expiration?

A

inspiration- 40%
expiration- 60%

61
Q

the is the difference in time spent during inspiration and expiration while talking?

A

inspiration- 10%
expiration- 90%

62
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Moves downward to cover the airway during swallowing, protecting the lungs, and remains upright during breathing.

63
Q

What is the function of the Arytenoid Cartilage?

A

Rotate and slide to control the position of the vocal cords, aiding in voice production and regulating airflow.

64
Q

what is lung capacity?

A

the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

65
Q

what is lung volume?

A

The volume of air involved in various stages of breathing

66
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

the total amount of air exhaled while taking a deep breath

67
Q

what does the sacurm connect

A

spine to the pelvis

68
Q

what is the function of axons?

A

Transmits signals to other neurons or muscles. “Axons Away”

69
Q

What is the function of
Terminal boutons

A

Release neurotransmitters to pass the signal to the next neuron or muscle. ( buttons at the end of an axon that release neurotransmitter)

70
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormonal release by controlling the pituitary gland.

71
Q

What are Fontanels?

A

Soft spots on a baby’s skull where the bones haven’t fused yet, allowing brain growth and skull flexibility during birth.

72
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Forms the bulk of the larynx, commonly referred to as the “Adam’s apple.”

73
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

A ring-shaped structure located below the thyroid cartilage.

74
Q

Arytenoid Cartilages

A

rotate and slide to control the position of the vocal cords .Pyramid-shaped cartilages that anchor the vocal cords.

75
Q

What is post synaptic membrane?

A

the part of a neuron or muscle cell that receives a signal during synaptic transmission (post office)

76
Q

What are motor pools?

A

is a group of motor units that are responsible for innervating muscle (Motor pools Move Muscles)

77
Q

What are motor units?

A

represented by its neuron and the number of muscle fibers it innervates.

CSD Study Guide (5 decks)

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