csd ch 5 Flashcards
allophones
a family of related sounds which may be said with some variation but still be considered that particular phoneme.
aspiration
puff of air following /p/ at the beginning of a word
vowel
produced with a relatively open/unobstructed vocal tract
consonant
produced with some degree of constriction
bilabial
constriction occurs at both lips
labiodental
made with the bottom lip and upper teeth in contact
interdental
tongue between teeth (linguadental)
alveolar
tongue tip is touching the alveolar (upper gum ridge)
palatal
center of the tongue is near the hard palate.
velar
rear of the tongue approaches the velum/soft palate during production
glottal
constriction occurs at the level of the vocal folds
‘stop consonants’
p, b, t, d, k, g. air pressure is built up behind the point of constriction, momentarily stopped, then released.
fricative
s, z, f, v. produced with narrow passageway for the air to pass through, creating a friction like noise.
affricates
ch, j. begin as stops, release as fricatives
nasals
m, n, /n/ the only sounds produced with an open velopharyngeal port; energy comes through the nose, rather than the mouth
glides
articulatory position changes gradually from consonants to vowel.
liquids
/l/ /r/; produced with an open vocal tract, considered vowel-like consonants.
cognate pairs
consonants that have the same place and manner but differ in regards to voicing
dipthong
two vowels said in close proximity, producing a special kind of phoneme
myelination
development of a protective myelin sheath/sleeve around the cranial nerves.
babbling
random vocal play
reduplicated babbling
strings of consonant/vowel syllable repetitions or self-imitations: cv-cv-cv
jargon
long strings of syllables with adultlike intonation
variegated babbling
adjacent and successive syllables in the string are purposely non identical
phonetically consistent forms
sound-meaning relationships, sound patterns function as proto words, or infant words.
morphonemic contrasts
changes in pronunciation as a result of morphological changes.
open syllable
ends in a vowel
closed syllable
ends in a consonant
correlates
related factors
craniofacial anomalies
congenital malformations of the head and face (i.e. cleft lip or palate)
CP cerebral palsy
a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination (spastic paralysis) and/or other disabilities, typically caused by damage to the brain before or at birth.
CAS
childhood apraxia of speech
intelligibility
how easy it is to understand an individual’s speech
stimulability
ability of an individual to produce the target phoneme when given focused auditory/visual cues.
external error sound discrimination/interpersonal error sound discrimination
the ability to perceive differences in another person’s speech
internal error sound discrimination/intrapersonal error sound discrimination
the ability to judge one’s own outgoing speech
traditional motor approach (therapy)
begins with auditory discrimination training, establishment of the new sound using sound-evoking techniques, production practice with the newly established sound in isolation and in nonsense syllables/words/phrases/sentences/conversations, and generalization/maintenence practice.
sensory motor approach
similar, but does not include auditory discrimination training and begins with production at the syllable level, rather than sound isolation.
minimal pair contrasts
the contrasting of phonemes in pairs of words
multiple oppositions approach
uses maximal contrast word pairs
metaphonological skills
ability to analyze, think about, and manipulate speech sounds.
metaphon approach
1) expanding knowledge of the sound system in the language 2) transferring the knowledge to communicative situations, teaching to self-monitor/correct speech output
