csd ch 10 motor speech disorders

Question 1

Primary motor cortex

Answer 1

found in the frontal lobe. Where the descending pathway begins (brings the signal down for motor movement). This area is where the voluntary motor movements begin - what happens if damage is done there?

Question 2

pyramidal tract

Answer 2

direct activation pathway, also responsible for volitional movement of limbs and articulators; originates in the motor cortex then to the neurons that activate the muscles.

Question 3

basal ganglia

Answer 3

part of the extrapyramidal tract. Regulates motor function, direct pathway increases motor function. Indirect pathway reduces movements. Both pathways are necessary for quality speech. Damage to basal ganglia may result in reduced movement (Parkinson’s) or extra movement (Huntington’s chorea).

Question 4

dysarthria

Answer 4

disturbances in the CNS & PNS (peripheral) that control the muscles of speech production. Dysarthria can affect the speed, range, direction, timing, and strength of motor movements for all aspects of speech production.

Question 5

extrapyramidal tract

Answer 5

the indirect activation pathway - regulates reflexes and maintains posture and muscle tone to facilitate movement carried out by the direct activations system.

Question 6

apraxia

Answer 6

usually caused by damage to the left cerebral hemisphere, specifically the motor and premotor areas of the left frontal lobe. Impairs the ability to plan or program the sensory and motor commands needed for speech production. (stroke on the left side of the brain)

Question 7

PNS

Answer 7

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves; cranial nerves line up vertically along the brainstem, important for speech production