csd ch 2 Flashcards
communication
an exchange of ideas between senders and recievers. involves message transmission and response or feedback.
sociolinguistics
the study of how factors like cultural identity, setting, and participants influence communication.
unilateral
primarily affecting one ear
language
a socially shared code that is used to represent concepts.
grammar
rules of a language
generative
creation of new utterances is allowed in language
characteristics of language
a socially shared tool, a rule-governed system, an arbitrary code, a generative process, a dynamic scheme
dynamic
changing over time
phonology
the sound system of english, containing 43 phonemes (unique speech sounds)
form
consists of phonology, morphology, syntax
phonotactic rules
specify how sounds may be arranged together
morphology
the structure of words
morpheme
the smallest grammatical unit within a language
free morpheme
may stand alone as a word
bound morpheme
changes the meanings of original words by adding their own meanings; cannot be used alone & must be attached to free morphemes.
syntax
how words are arranged in a sentence & to the ways in which one word may affect another.
content
the pieces of meaning that come together to define a particular word
semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence or text
pragmatics
use
speech
the process of producing the acoustic representations or sounds of language
articulation
the way in which speech sounds are formed
fluency
the smooth, forward flow of communication
rate
speed of talking
pitch
a listener’s perception of how high or low a sound is
habitual pitch
the basic tone that an individual uses most of the time
intonation
pitch movement within an utterance
non-vocal
without voice
kinesics
the way we move our bodies, called body language
proxemics
the study of the physical distance between people, as it relates to communication
tactiles
touching behaviors
chronemics
the effect of time on communication
ASHA
american speech-language hearing association
etiology
the cause or origin of a problem
aquired
resulting from something; occurs later in life
dialect
differences that reflect a particular regional, cultural, social, of ethnic identity; not disorders of speech or language
voice
speech sounds made with larynx through the vocal cords & mouth
congenital
from birth/present at birth
conductive
loss is caused by damage to the outer or middle ear
sensorineural
loss involves problems with the inner ear and/or auditory nerve
dysarthria
disorder resulted from paralysis, weakness, or poor coordination of the muscles for speech cause poor speech articulation.
apraxia
poor articulation due to nuero-motor difficulties, appears to be due to programming the speech mechanism, not muscle strength.
developmental disfluency
lack of language fluency during early childhood years. repeating words, false starts, revising utterances.
fillers
er, um, ya know, etc.
hesitations
unexpected pauses
repititions
“g-g-go”
prolongations
“wwwwelll”
stuttering
aforementioned behaviors, plus excessive tension, struggle, fear
vocal abuse
excessive yelling, screaming, or loud singing that results in hoarseness, or another voice disorder.
mixed
combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing; difficulty moving food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach
prevelence
refers to the number of people within a specified population who have a particular disorder or condition at a given point in time.
incidence
refers to the number of new cases of a disease/disorder in a particular time period.
assessment of communication disorders
the systematic process of obtaining information from many sources, through various means, and in different settings to verify & specify communication & swallowing strengths/weaknesses, identify possible causes of problems, and make plans to address them.
diagnosis
distinguishing an individual’s difficulties from the broad range of possible problems
diagnostic therapy
slp works with the client for a time & will obtain a clearer picture of the person’s communication abilities/limitations in the process
predisposing causes
genetic factors, etc.
precipitating causes
something that triggered the disorder; stroke, etc.
maintaining/perpetuating causes
continues/adds to the problem
prognosis
an informed prediction of the outcome of a disorder, both with and without intervention, and is based in part, on the nature and severity of the disorder; the client’s responsiveness to trial therapy during assessment; and the client’s overall communicative, intellectual, and personal strengths and weaknesses.
authentic data
actual, real-life information, in sufficient quantity to make meaningful and accurate decisions.
norm-referenced
test scores are used comparatively with a sample of individuals similar to the client
criterio-referenced
tests that evaluate a client’s strengths/weaknesses with regard to particular skills and does not make comparisons to others
dynamic assessment
probing to explore a client’s ability to modify behavior by producing previously misarticulated sounds, learning a language rule, reducing disfluencies, etc.
speech/language sampling
reviewing case history & asking open-ended questions for explaining
automatic
client should not have to think about what has been learned
self-monitor
ability to listen & observe done by the client, make corrections without the therapist
baseline data
slp tries to elicit the target behaviors multiple times and under multiple conditions, and records the accuracy of the client’s responses
treatment plan
goals/objectives written, slp selects the best intervention method and logical next steps
behavior modification
systematic method of changing behavior
stimulus
a thing/event that evokes a certain reaction/response
incidental teaching
slp follows the client’s lead but teaches along the way
support groups
consist of individuals who have similar difficulties provide a place to practice what’s been learned in therapy, share feelings about their disabilities, maintain communication skills once formal treatment has ended.
post therapy tests
measure the effectiveness/success of treatment
booster treatment
follows later tests after treatment, if necessary
