Cryptosporidiosis

Question 1

What are the major hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Answer 1

Human, cattle, sheep, goat

Question 2

What are the major hosts of Cryptosporidium hominis?

Answer 2

Human, monkey

Question 3

What are the major hosts of Cryptosporidium canis?

Answer 3

Dog, human

Question 4

What are the major hosts of Cryptosporidium muris?

Answer 4

Mice, human, cattle

Question 5

What are the major hosts of Cryptosporidium meleagrides?

Answer 5

Turkey, human

Question 6

Which Cryptosporidium species lacks host specificity?

Answer 6

C. parvum

Question 7

What is the source of the disease?

Answer 7

Zoonose, waterborne, foodborne and airborne disease

Question 8

What major symptom does Cryptosporidiosis cause?

Answer 8

Diarrheal outbreaks

Question 9

Who are most at risk of getting Cryptosporidiosis?

Answer 9

Children and immunosuppressed

Question 10

What is the life cycle of Cryptosporidiosis?

Answer 10

Oocyst is ingested -> Four sporozoites release during excystation and insert into the epithelium -> Sporozoites develop inside the enterocytes into spherical trophozoites that contain 6-8 merozoites -> Type I meronts invade nearby cells and become type II merozoites OR trigger self-infection and become trophozoites -> From type II merozoites they differentiate into male microgametes or female macrogamonts -> zygotes form from microgametes penetrating macrogamonts -> thin and thick-walled oocysts

Question 11

Which type of oocyst causes self-infection?

Answer 11

Thin-walled oocysts

Question 12

Which type of oocyst shed in the stool?

Answer 12

Thick-walled oocysts

Question 13

Which cells do Cryptosporidium infect?

Answer 13

Gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelial cells

Question 14

What is a unique feature of the oocyst wall?

Answer 14

Suture at the end

Question 15

Which of the following are oocysts viable in or killed by?
a. Potassium dichromate, chloroform, ether, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, buffered hypochlorite, potassium permanganate
b. Freezing, boiling for 30 minutes, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oo-cide

Answer 15

a. Viable
b. Killed by

Question 16

Which organelles are present in sporozoites and merozoites?

Answer 16

Rhoptries, micronemes, electron dense granules, nucleus, ribosomes

Question 17

True or false: Sporozoites and merozoites have polar rings, mitochondria and micropores

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Which of the following corresponds to either micronemes, rhoptries or dense granules?
a. Club-shaped membrane bound organelle, transforming the host cell membrane into a parasitophorous vacuoles membrane
b. Host cell modification following invasion
c. Host cell localization, gliding motility and ligand-receptor attachment to host cells

Answer 18

a. Rhoptries
b. Dense granules
c. Micronemes

Question 19

How is Cryptosporidiosis transmitted?

Answer 19

Fecal-oral route via the oocyst stage

Question 20

Which groups are at risk?

Answer 20

Workers, immunodeficient people and social individuals like family and travelers

Question 21

How are water samples analyzed for the presence of oocysts?

Answer 21

50 L of water must be filtered (1 micron porosity)

Question 22

True or false: Waterborne outbreaks can be caused by pools

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are the receptors that Cryptosporidium interacts with in the host?

Answer 23

CSL and CP47

Question 24

What is the pathology in birds?

Answer 24

Respiratory issues

Question 25

What is the pathology in fish and reptiles?

Answer 25

Intestinal issues

Question 26

What is the pathology for immunocompetent mammals?

Answer 26

Intestinal issues

Question 27

What is the pathology of the immunocompromised mammals?

Answer 27

Pancreas, liver, respiratory tract, gall and bladder issues

Question 28

Place the steps of pathology in order a. Leukocytes produce high levels of prostaglandins b. Increase production of mucosal prostaglandin, which can inhibit NaCl absorption, leading to secretory diarrhea c. Metabolites secreted by Cryptosporidium d. Alterations in intestinal permeability like increased secretion of cytokines like IFN-gamma and TGF e. Inhibition of glucose-stimulation affecting Na absorption

Answer 28

c, e, b, a, d

Question 29

How many bowel movements can one have per day due to Cryptosporodiosis?

Answer 29

70 bowels movements

Question 30

What are the causes of diarrhea?

Answer 30

Impaired absorption of NaCl and enhanced secretion of bicarbonate

Question 31

True or false: Crypto does not invade deeper layers of the human gastrointestinal mucosa

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is the immune response to Crypto?

Answer 32

Inflammation with the presence of macrophages and neutrophils and CD4 cells

Question 33

Identify the following players with either innate or acquired immunity a. B cells b. Cytokines c. Nitric oxide d. Prostaglandin e. T helper cells f. Th1/Th2 g. Antibodies h. DCs

Answer 33

a. Acquired b. Innate c. Innate d. Innate e. Acquired f. Acquired g. Acquired h. Innate

Question 34

True or false: Antibodies are necessary for the control of the infection

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Correspond the following responses to Th1 or Th2 response a. IL-4 b. IL-12 c. IL-18

Answer 35

a. Th2 b. Th1 c. Th1

Question 36

What are some diagnostic tools for Crypto?

Answer 36

Microscopy, endoscopic biopsy, PCR assays

Question 37

What are some treatments?

Answer 37

Anti-motility agents like Imodium, rehydration therapy

Question 38

What is the drug of choice to treat Crypto in immunocompetent people?

Answer 38

Nitazoxanide

Question 39

How are HIV-infected patients treated?

Answer 39

Paromomycin and Rifamycin-derivatives