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Chemistry > Crude Oils And Fuels > Flashcards

Crude Oils And Fuels Flashcards

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0
Q

How can we separate a mixture of liquids

A

Through distillation

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1
Q

What does crude oil contain? And what does this mean?

A

Many different compounds that boil at different temperatures. They also burn under different conditions. This means crude oil needs to be separated to make useful fuels

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2
Q

What can simple distillation of crude oil produce?

A

Liquids that boil within different temperature ranges.

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3
Q

What are fractions?

A

Liquids with different boiling ranges separated from a mixture of liquids (crude oil)

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4
Q

What are most compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What molecules does hydrocarbons contain?

A

Only hydrogen and carbon

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6
Q

Many of the hydrocarbons in the crude oil compounds are alkali or acid?

A

Alkalies

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7
Q

What do alkanes mainly contain and what do we call then?

A

Mainly contain hydrogen atoms in each molecule so we call them saturated hydrocarbons

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8
Q

How can we represent a molecule?

A

C-H

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9
Q

What happens to crude oil when it’s put in a fractional distilator?

A

Crude oil is deprecated into fraction at refiners

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10
Q

What does the boiling point of a hydrocarbon depend on? And the lager the molecule, the higher the…

A

It depends on the size of it’s molecule & the higher the boiling point of the hydrocarbon

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11
Q

What happens to crude oil when being fed into a fractionating column

A

It is vaporised and fed into a fractionating column

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12
Q

What’s simple distillation?

A

Done in steps by heating mixture to different temperatures

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13
Q

What happens in fraction distillation?

A

It’s done continuously by vaporising the mixture and condensing the fractions at different temperatures

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14
Q

That’s the top tube?

A

Refinery/petroleum gas (short chain hydrocarbons and low boiling point alkalies used as fuel)

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15
Q

3rd tube up

A

Gasoline/petrol (fuel in car engines)

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16
Q

2nd tube

A

Kerosene (aircraft fuel)

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17
Q

1st tube

A

Diesel oil/gas oil (diesel engines and boiler fuel)

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18
Q

Bottom pipe

A

Reside (think, sticky mixture of long chain hydrocarbons, use in making roads and flat roofs)

19
Q

As the vapours move up the column, what happens to them?

A

They get cooler

20
Q

What happens to the hydrocarbons as they reach their boiling points?

A

They condense to liquids& collect on the trays at different levels and there are outlets to collect the fraction

21
Q

The hydrocarbons with the smallest molecules have what boiling points and where are they collected?

A

Have the lowest pointing point so are collected at top of column

22
Q

The fractions collected at the bottom of the column contain hydrocarbons with what boiling points?

A

The highest

23
Q

Fractions with low boiling ranges have a low what?

A

Low velocity so are runny liquids

24
Q

Boiling ranges with low velocities are what?

A

Flammable and ignite easily - they also burn with clean flames producing little smoke, this makes them useful as fuels

25
Q

What are pure hydrocarbons oxidised to when bury completely

A

Their oxidised to carbon dioxide and water

26
Q

Are fuels we use completely burnt?

A

Not always burnt compleatly, they may also contain other substances

27
Q

What might burning hydrocarbons in a limited supply of air in incomplete combustion produce?

A

Carbon monoxide and solid particles (this is because some hydrocarbons may not burn) that contain shoot (carbon) and unbutton hydrocarbon called particulates

28
Q

What do most fossil fuels contain? What happens when the fuel burns these compounds?

A

Contain sulfer compounds & sulfer dioxide, sulfer dioxide causes acid rain

29
Q

At the high temperatures that fuels burn at, what in the air my combine to make..

A

Oxygen and nitrogen & combine to make nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides also cause acid rain

30
Q

Oxides of what can be formed when fuels burn under extreme conditions

A

Nitrogen

31
Q

Biting any fuel that contains carbon produces what?

A

Carbon dioxide

32
Q

What is carbon dioxide an what do scientists believe it cause?

A

A green house gas. That it is the cause of global warming.

33
Q

Incomplete combustion of fuels that contain carbon, produce what?

A

The poisonous gas carbon monoxide, it can also produce toned solid particles that reflect sunlight and so cause global dimming (particulates)

34
Q

Burning fuels produces sulfer dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These gases dissolve In what?

A

Water droplets and text with oxygen in the air causing acid rain

35
Q

How can we remove harmful substances in waste before it’s released into the atmosphere?

A

Exhaust systems are fitted with catalytic converters to remove carbon monoxide an nitrogen oxides, filters can remove particulates

36
Q

Why can sulfer be removed from fuels before they are supplied to users?

A

So that less sulfer dioxide is produced when the fuel is burned

37
Q

What are biofuels made from?

A

From plant or animal products and are renewable

38
Q

What can biodiesel be made from?

A

Vegetable oils extracted from plants

39
Q

What’s an advantage of using biodiesel?

A

Make little contribution to carbon dioxide levels because the carbon dioxide that is given off when the fuel is burnt was originally taken from the atmosphere by plants that they grew

40
Q

Disadvantages of using biodiesel?

A

Plants that are grown for biodiesel use large area of farmland

41
Q

What is a biofuel made from sugar canes and sugar beat?

A

Ethanol

42
Q

Ethanol is a liquid, what does This mean?

A

This means it can be stored and distributed like other liquid fuels. It can be mixed with petrol

43
Q

What is the advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel

A

Produces only water when burned

44
Q

Why is hydrogen bad to use as a fuel?

A

It’s a gas so takes up a large volume, Thai makes it difficult to store in the quantities needed for combustion in engines

45
Q

Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis how?

A

By water by electrolysis but requires late amounts of energy

Chemistry (7 decks)

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