Crude Oil (NEW) Flashcards by Jim Cua

What is Crude Oil?

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons that was formed over millions of years from the remains of simple marine organisms

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In fractional distillation why are some hydrocarbons higher than others?

The longer the carbon chain
The greater the number of intermolecular forces
the more heat energy needed to overcome the force
the higher the boiling/melting point

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What are fractions?

Fractions are mixtures containing hydrocarbon compounds that have similar chain lengths and, therefore, similar boiling points

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Why when you go up the fractional column they are better fuels?

lower boiling points (as they have a lower carbon chain)
lower viscosity
higher flammability

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What are the political issues with oil?

Countries that produce oil for other countries hold a great deal of political power as they can essentially ‘cut off’ other countries from the crude oil supply over any political disagreements.

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What are the economic issues with oil?

The price of crude oil is controlled by oil companies, they have a great deal of influence on the global economy.
War or a political crisis in an oil-producing country can restrict crude oil supplies, which can have a major impact on the global economy

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What are the environmental issues with oil?

Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributes to global warming
Oil spillages can have a disastrous effect on the local environment, killing off thousands of animals and is difficult to clean up
Oil refineries and oil-fired power stations take up a lot of land and so destroy potential wildlife habitats and spoil the countryside

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What is the combustion reaction of fuels?

hydrocarbon + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water

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What is the equation for energy per gram?

energy per gram = energy released ÷ mass of fuel burnt

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What is the equation for the combustion of Hydrogen?

hydrogen + oxygen → water

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

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What are advantages of using Hydrogen as a fuel?

No CO2 emissions

- Renewable

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What are disadvantages of using Hydrogen as a fuel?

expensive to produce
explosive
difficult to store

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What is the fire triangle and how do firefighter use this to stop fires?

consists of fuel, oxygen and heat

- remove one of these to stop the fire

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Why and how do we crack Hydrocarbons?

By breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller ones by heating heavier fractions to a high temperature in the presence of a catalyst.
An alkene is also formed

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What are alkenes used to make?

Smaller hydrocarbons and alkenes can be used to make plastics

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What is the general formula for ALKANES?

Cn H2n + 2

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What is the general formula for ALKENES?

Cn H2n

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What are the properties of ALKANES?

single bonds between carbon atoms ONLY

- said to be saturated

What are the properties of ALKENES?

contains a double covalent bond between two carbon atoms

- said to be unsaturated

What are Isomers?

molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structures

A molecule with a number of 1 carbon is…

starts with meth

A molecule with a number of 2 carbon is called

starts with eth

A molecule with a number of 3 carbon is…

starts with prop

A molecule with a number of 4 carbons is called…

starts with but

How do you name an ALKANE?

- how long until there is a branch - amount of carbon in that branch - length of carbon chain 2 methyl- propane

How do you name an ALKENE?

- name the branch sticking out first, number it then how many carbon is sticking out(1 is methyl) - then say the number of the carbon chain ( 4 is but) - then the number where the double covalent bond is (first is 1) - then add ene, as it's a alkene

How do you test for ALKENES?

Adding bromine water, if an alkene is present the orange/brown colour will go colourless as the bromine adds to the alkene to make it saturated

How do you make a ALKENE into a ALKANE?

- by adding hydrogen, to make it saturated

What is Polymerisation?

- Joining many unsaturated monomers (alkenes) to make a saturated polymer - one of the bonds of alkenes break to join together to join another

What are the properties of polymers?

- flexible, strong, good thermal and electrical insulators, resistant to corrosion, low density, do not rot

What are the uses of poly(ethene)

bags, plastic bottles

What are the uses of poly(propene)

ropes, crates

What are the uses of poly(vinylchloride)

drain pipes, window frames

What are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)

non stick pans

What some issues for the disposing of plastics?

- non biodegradable - landfill sites get filled quickly - time consuming to sort out different polymers so recycling is difficult - carefully managing the use of finite resources such as crude oil to produce polymers (plastics)

How is ethanol (an alcohol) produced?

made from sugars by fermentation using yeast

How do you test for alcohol?

The sample is heated with a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI) and sulfuric acid, the mixture changes colour from orange to green if alcohol is present.

What are the economic impact of ethanol (alcohol)?

- tax on alcohol brings money to the treasury - the drinks industry provides jobs - alcohol cost the government for policing and healthcare costs

What is the social impact of alcohol?

- alcohol increases domestic violence and anti social behaviour

What are the advantages of ethanol?

Renewable fuel source, brings money to the economy

What are the disadvantages of ethanol?

- drink too much damage your liver - addictive - land used for crops are now used to grow sugar cane (food prices increase)

What is the structure of Alcohols?

Cn H2n + 1n OH

What happens to ethanol when you leave it in the open?

- microbial oxidation | ethanol + oxygen = ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid)

What are uses of ethanol as a SOLVENT?

- cosmetics | - paints and varnishes