crude oil etc

Question 1

What is crude oil?

Answer 1

Remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud.
Mixture of very large number of compounds. Mostly hydrocarbons.

Question 2

What does fractional distillation do?

Answer 2

Separate a mixture into fractions/liquids with different boiling points

Question 3

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 3

Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon

Separated in fractional distillation.

Question 4

What are alkanes?

Answer 4

Saturated hydrocarbons

Question 5

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 5

hydrocarbons that contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible as each carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom

Question 6

Name the first 5 alkane molecules

Answer 6

CH4 (methane)
C2H6 (ethane)
C3H8 (propane)
C4H10 (butane)
C5H12 (pentane)

Question 7

What is the general formula for alkane molecules?

Answer 7

CnH(2n+2)

Question 8

How do we separate crude oil into fractions?

Answer 8

fractional distillation

Question 9

What are the properties of short chain hydrocarbons?

Answer 9

Low boiling point
High Volatility
Low viscosity
High flammability

Question 10

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons?

Answer 10

High boiling point
Low volatility
High viscosity
Low flammability

Leave as liquid bitumen

Question 11

What is volatility?

Answer 11

Tendency to turn into gas

Question 12

What is viscosity?

Answer 12

How easily it flows/ how runny it is

Question 13

Why does each fraction boil at a different temperature?

Answer 13

Because of the different sizes of their molecules

Question 14

Describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil

Answer 14

Crude oil is preheated and vaporised before it goes into the fractionating column, column is hot at bottom and cool at top, gases condense when they reach the temp of boiling points, turn into liquids and collected, once cooled fractions processed before used

Question 15

What is the fractionating column?

Answer 15

Tall tower used for the fractional distillation of crude oil

Question 16

In what order do the fractions come out of the fractionating column?

Answer 16

Bitumen
Lubricating oil
Diesel
Kerosene 
Petroleum 
Fuel gas

Question 17

Which hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?

Answer 17

Ones with smallest molecules

Question 18

what is fuel gas used for?

Answer 18

Bottled camping gas
LPG
fuels distillation process

Question 19

What is petroleum used for?

Answer 19

Fuel for cars/ motorcycles

Make chemicals

Question 20

What is kerosene used for?

Answer 20

Fuel for greenhouse heaters
jet engines
manufacture of chemicals

Question 21

What is diesel used for?

Answer 21

Fuel for lorries and trains

Question 22

What are lubricating oils used for?

Answer 22

Fuel for heating systems of large buildings, fuel for ships, lubricating oils

Question 23

What is bitumen used for?

Answer 23

Roofing

Road surfaces

Question 24

What happens when we burn hydrocarbons in plenty of air?

Answer 24

carbon and hydrogen molecules are completely oxidised to produce carbon dioxide and water
Combustion

Question 25

Equation for an oxidised hydrocarbon

Answer 25

propane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 26

Problems with hydrocarbons/ fossil fuels contains sulphur?

Answer 26

Sulphur impurities in fuels burn to form sulphur dioxide which can cause acid rain- poisonous and acidic, bars for environment and engine corrosion

Question 27

Why is it bad if there is it enough oxygen inside an engine?

Answer 27

Incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide, poisonous

Question 28

Why are high temperatures inside engines bad?

Answer 28

Nitrogen and oxygen react, form nitrogen oxide, poisonous, trigger asthma, acid rain

Question 29

Why are diesel engines bad?

Answer 29

Burn much bigger hydrocarbons, don’t burn completely, particulates produced, damage lung cells, cancer Global dimming

Question 30

How can we reduce effects of burning fuels?

Answer 30

Catalytic converters, filters, flue gas desulphurisation

Question 31

What can fractions be processed for?

Answer 31

To produce fuels and feedstock for petrochemical industry

Question 32

Why do small hydrocarbons have low boiling Points?

Answer 32

weak, intermolecular forces. Don’t condense, leave column as gases

Question 33

How do hydrocarbons differ in fractions?

Answer 33

Different properties | Different amount of carbon atoms

Question 34

Complete combustion in hydrocarbons

Answer 34

Good supply of air, carbon and hydrogen atoms in fuel react with oxygen in EXOTHERMIC reaction CO2 & H2O produces Maximum amount of energy given out Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water In bunsen burner, air hole fully open.

Question 35

Incomplete combustion in hydrocarbon

Answer 35

Supply of air or oxygen poor. Water produced, carbon monoxide and carbon produced. Less energy releases. Bunsen burner air hole closed

Question 36

What is cracking?

Answer 36

Reaction in which saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules, some. unsaturated: Hydrocarbons start are all anew Product of alkanes and alkene, members of homologous series.

Question 37

What is catalytic cracking?

Answer 37

Uses temperature or approximately 550 degrees celsius and catalyst known as zeolite contains aluminium oxide and silicon oxide

Question 38

What is steam cracking?

Answer 38

Uses higher temp of 550 degrees celsius and no catalyst

Question 39

What is cracking important?

Answer 39

Helps match supply of fractions with demand for them. | Produces alkenes, useful as feedstock for petrochemical industry.

Question 40

Supply and demand

Answer 40

Usually produce more large hydrocarbons than can be sold and produce less small hydrocarbons than customer wants. Because small hydrocarbons more useful for fuels. Cracking makes large into small, helps supply and demand

Question 41

Difference between alkane and alkene?

Answer 41

Alkanes saturated. carbon atoms joined by C-C single bonds Alkanes unsaturated. contain at least 1 C=C double bond. Alkenes more reactive. Take part in reactions that alkanes cannot

Question 42

How to test for alkenes?

Answer 42

React with bromine water and turn it orange/brown to colourless