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Chemistry > crude oil etc > Flashcards

crude oil etc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud.
Mixture of very large number of compounds. Mostly hydrocarbons.

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2
Q

What does fractional distillation do?

A

Separate a mixture into fractions/liquids with different boiling points

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon

Separated in fractional distillation.

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4
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

hydrocarbons that contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible as each carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom

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6
Q

Name the first 5 alkane molecules

A 
CH4 (methane)
C2H6 (ethane)
C3H8 (propane)
C4H10 (butane)
C5H12 (pentane)
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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkane molecules?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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8
Q

How do we separate crude oil into fractions?

A

fractional distillation

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9
Q

What are the properties of short chain hydrocarbons?

A

Low boiling point
High Volatility
Low viscosity
High flammability

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10
Q

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons?

A

High boiling point
Low volatility
High viscosity
Low flammability

Leave as liquid bitumen

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11
Q

What is volatility?

A

Tendency to turn into gas

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12
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How easily it flows/ how runny it is

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13
Q

Why does each fraction boil at a different temperature?

A

Because of the different sizes of their molecules

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14
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Crude oil is preheated and vaporised before it goes into the fractionating column, column is hot at bottom and cool at top, gases condense when they reach the temp of boiling points, turn into liquids and collected, once cooled fractions processed before used

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15
Q

What is the fractionating column?

A

Tall tower used for the fractional distillation of crude oil

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16
Q

In what order do the fractions come out of the fractionating column?

A 
Bitumen
Lubricating oil
Diesel
Kerosene 
Petroleum 
Fuel gas
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17
Q

Which hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?

A

Ones with smallest molecules

18
Q

what is fuel gas used for?

A

Bottled camping gas
LPG
fuels distillation process

19
Q

What is petroleum used for?

A

Fuel for cars/ motorcycles

Make chemicals

20
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Fuel for greenhouse heaters
jet engines
manufacture of chemicals

21
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Fuel for lorries and trains

22
Q

What are lubricating oils used for?

A

Fuel for heating systems of large buildings, fuel for ships, lubricating oils

23
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Roofing

Road surfaces

24
Q

What happens when we burn hydrocarbons in plenty of air?

A

carbon and hydrogen molecules are completely oxidised to produce carbon dioxide and water
Combustion

25
Q

Equation for an oxidised hydrocarbon

A

propane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

26
Q

Problems with hydrocarbons/ fossil fuels contains sulphur?

A

Sulphur impurities in fuels burn to form sulphur dioxide which can cause acid rain- poisonous and acidic, bars for environment and engine corrosion

27
Q

Why is it bad if there is it enough oxygen inside an engine?

A

Incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide, poisonous

28
Q

Why are high temperatures inside engines bad?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen react, form nitrogen oxide, poisonous, trigger asthma, acid rain

29
Q

Why are diesel engines bad?

A

Burn much bigger hydrocarbons, don’t burn completely, particulates produced, damage lung cells, cancer
Global dimming

30
Q

How can we reduce effects of burning fuels?

A

Catalytic converters, filters, flue gas desulphurisation

31
Q

What can fractions be processed for?

A

To produce fuels and feedstock for petrochemical industry

32
Q

Why do small hydrocarbons have low boiling Points?

A

weak, intermolecular forces. Don’t condense, leave column as gases

33
Q

How do hydrocarbons differ in fractions?

A

Different properties

Different amount of carbon atoms

34
Q

Complete combustion in hydrocarbons

A

Good supply of air, carbon and hydrogen atoms in fuel react with oxygen in EXOTHERMIC reaction
CO2 & H2O produces
Maximum amount of energy given out

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

In bunsen burner, air hole fully open.

35
Q

Incomplete combustion in hydrocarbon

A

Supply of air or oxygen poor. Water produced, carbon monoxide and carbon produced. Less energy releases.

Bunsen burner air hole closed

36
Q

What is cracking?

A

Reaction in which saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules, some.
unsaturated:
Hydrocarbons start are all anew
Product of alkanes and alkene, members of homologous series.

37
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Uses temperature or approximately 550 degrees celsius and catalyst known as zeolite contains aluminium oxide and silicon oxide

38
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

Uses higher temp of 550 degrees celsius and no catalyst

39
Q

What is cracking important?

A

Helps match supply of fractions with demand for them.

Produces alkenes, useful as feedstock for petrochemical industry.

40
Q

Supply and demand

A

Usually produce more large hydrocarbons than can be sold and produce less small hydrocarbons than customer wants.
Because small hydrocarbons more useful for fuels.

Cracking makes large into small, helps supply and demand

41
Q

Difference between alkane and alkene?

A

Alkanes saturated. carbon atoms joined by C-C single bonds
Alkanes unsaturated. contain at least 1 C=C double bond.

Alkenes more reactive. Take part in reactions that alkanes cannot

42
Q

How to test for alkenes?

A

React with bromine water and turn it orange/brown to colourless

Chemistry (10 decks)

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