Cross' racial and cultural identity model

Question 1

Cross’ Black Identity Model

Answer 1

1. Preencounter stage
2. Encounter stage
3. Immersion-emersion stage
4. Internalization stage

Question 2

Cross’ Black Identity Model - low salience for race and a neutral valence toward Blackness,

Answer 2

preencounter assimilation

Question 3

Cross’ Black Identity Model - describes individuals who hate Blacks and hate being Black (high negative salience).

Answer 3

preencounter anti-Black

Question 4

Cross’ Black Identity Model - characterized by African Americans’ consciously or unconsciously devaluing their own Blackness and concurrently valuing White values and ways. There is a strong desire to assimilate and acculturate into White society.

Answer 4

preencounter stage - Cross

Question 5

Cross - a two-step process begins to occur. First, the individual encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of thinking and behaving; second, the Black person begins to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in worldviews.

Answer 5

encounter stage - Cross

Question 6

Cross - the person withdraws from the dominant culture and becomes immersed in African American culture. Black pride begins to develop, but internalization of positive attitudes toward one’s own Blackness is minimal.

Answer 6

immersion-emersion stage - Cross

Question 7

Cross - characterized by Black self-acceptance and can be manifested in three types of identity: (a) Black nationalist (high Black positive race salience), (b) biculturalist (Blackness and fused sense of Americanness), and (c) multiculturalist (multiple identity formation, including race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.).

Answer 7

internalization stage - Cross