Cross-cultural Psychology

Question 1

Cultural anthropology

Answer 1

the study of human soci- ety and culture, is the subfield that describes, ana- lyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

Question 2

To study and interpret cultural diversity, cultural anthropologists engage in two kinds of activity:

Answer 2

Ethnography and ethnology

Question 3

provides an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture. During e fieldwork, the e gathers data that he or she organizes, describes, analyzes, and inter- prets to build and present that account, which may be in the form of a book, an article, or a film.

Answer 3

Ethnography

Question 4

examines, interprets, and analyzes the results of ethnography

Answer 4

Ethnology

Question 5

reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains.

Answer 5

Anthropological archeology

Question 6

is the study of human biological diversity through time and as it exists in the world today. There are five specialties:

Answer 6

Biological anthropology

Question 7

Five specialities of biological anthropology

Answer 7

Human biological evolution as revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology).
2. Human genetics.
3. Human growth and development.
4. Human biological plasticity (the living body’s ability to change as it copes with en- vironmental conditions, such as heat, cold, and altitude).
5. Primatology (the study of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman primates).

Question 8

Culture

Answer 8

Total way of life of people

Question 9

Adaptation (biological, example)

Answer 9

Gene that controls lactase production in cultures with high animal milk consumption

Question 10

Adaptation (cultural, example)

Answer 10

Farming for food, domestication of animals

Question 11

Comparative education (example)

Answer 11

Exploring differences between Italian and American education

Question 12

Applied Anthropology (example)

Answer 12

Investigating the work of sanitation workers

Question 13

Universitality

Answer 13

Lenguage

Question 14

Particularity

Answer 14

unsalted bread in
Umbria, Italy

Question 15

Generality

Answer 15

Nuclear family

Question 16

Ethnocentrism

Answer 16

my cultures approach to education is more advanced

Question 17

Cultural relativism

Answer 17

evaluating a culture from the hosts’ perspective

Question 18

Acculturation

Answer 18

children learn English and their parents language

Question 19

Assimilation

Answer 19

immigrant giving up their religion for the religion of the host culture

Question 20

Diffusion

Answer 20

availability of pizza throughout the US

Question 21

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
I
Determinism - strong

Answer 21

Rather than a universal language-seeking universal
ARRIVAL
structures and processes - different languages produce different ways of thinking
Language we are born to has a direct effect upon how we conceptualize, think, interact, and express-a direct relationship between human language and human thinking

Question 22

Sapir - Whorf (p. 88)

Answer 22

•Examples -
•Past present Future
•Solomon Island - Coconut - 9 words (different stages)
•Rainbow
•Spatial orientation
•Time
•Formal and Informal

Question 23

X studies language in its social and cultural context, through- out the world and over time. Some x also make inferences about univer- sal features of language, linked perhaps to unifor- mities in the human brain. Others reconstruct ancient languages by comparing their contempo- rary descendants and in so doing make discoveries about history. Still others study linguistic differences to discover varied perceptions and patterns of thought in different cultures.

Answer 23

Linguistic Anthropology

Question 24

Erve Chambers (1987, p. 309)

Answer 24

as stated, applied anthropology is “concerned with the relationships between anthropological knowl- edge and the uses of that knowledge in the world beyond anthropology.” More and more anthro- pologists from the four subfields now work in “applied” areas such as public health, family plan- ning, business, market research, economic devel- opment, and cultural resource management

Question 25

Anthropology and psychology

Answer 25

Psy- chological anthropology studies cross-cultural similarities and differences in psychological traits and conditions (

Question 26

Cultural anthropology and sociology difference

Answer 26

Sociologists typi- cally have studied contemporary, Western, industrial societies. Anthropologists, by contrast, have focused on nonindustrial and non-Western societies. Anthropology, we might say, is more per- sonal and less formal than sociology.

Question 27

Enculturation

Answer 27

Enculturation is the process by which a child learns his or her culture.

Question 28

Anthropology is holistic and is a science T/F

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Ethnocentrism

Answer 29

Ethnocentrism is the error of viewing one’s own culture as superior and applying one’s own cultural values in judging people from other cultures.

Question 30

ETHNOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Answer 30

Direct, firsthand observation of behavior, including participant observation.
2. Conversation with varying degrees of for- mality, from the daily chitchat that helps maintain rapport and provides knowledge about what is going on to prolonged in­ terviews, which can be unstructured or structured.
3. The genealogical method.
4. Detailed work with key consultants, or in­ formants, about particular areas of commu- nity life.
5. In-depth interviewing, often leading to the collection of life histories of particular peo- ple (narrators).
6. Problem-oriented research of many sorts.
7. Longitudinal research—the continuous long-term study of an area or a site.
8. Team research—coordinated research by multiple ethnographers.