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Psychology 3 unipd > Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

ICD-10

A

International classification of disease made by WHO

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2
Q

Taijin Kyofusho

A

Japanese anxiety disorder, It involves a marked fear that
one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend, embarrass, or otherwise make others feel uncomfortable.

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3
Q

often triggered by a stressful event such as divorce or bereavement, it includes crying, trembling,
and uncontrollable screaming. Once the ataque is over, the person may have little or no memory of the incident.

A

Ataque De Nervos

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4
Q

the study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health- related behaviors in a given population.

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time, typically expressed as percentages.

A

Prevalence

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6
Q

the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time

A

Point prevalence

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7
Q

the estimate of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives. They tend to be higher than other kinds of prevalence estimates. The …..of having any DSM-IV disorder is 46.4 percent.

A

Life time prevalence

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8
Q

the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time (typically 1 year).

A

Incidence

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9
Q

the most comprehensive source of prevalence estimates for adults in
the United States diagnosed with mental disorders.

A

National comorbinity survey replication

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10
Q

the presence of two or more disorders in the same person. Half of the individuals with a disorder rated as serious on a scale of severity have two or more additional disorders.

A

Comorbinity

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11
Q

the extent to which we can generalise our findings beyond the study.

A

External validity

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12
Q

how confident we can be in the results of a particular given study, or the extent to which a study is
methodologically sound, free of confounds, or other sources of error.

A

Internal validity

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13
Q

the probability that a correlation would occur purely by chance, set conventionally at p < .05. It is influenced not only by the magnitude or size of the correlation between the two variables but also by the sample size.

A

Statistical significance

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14
Q

the size of the association between two variables independent of the sample size.

A

Effect size

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15
Q

research model in which information about how patients behaved early in their lives is collected with the goal of identifying factors that might have been associated with what went wrong later. A challenge with this technique is the potential for memories to be both faulty and selective. Furthermore, such a strategy invites investigators to discover what they already presume they will discover concerning background factors theoretically linked to a disorder.

A

Retrospective research

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16
Q

research model which tries to identify individuals who have a higher-than- average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered and to focus research attention on them before any disorder manifests.

A

Prospective research

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17
Q

studies in which we study not the true item of interest but an approximation to it, as in animal studies that are then generalised to humans.

A

Analogue studies

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18
Q

Modern founders of psychopathology- sick people mal diagnosis of witchcraft

A

Joham Weyer

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19
Q

Remove chains

A

Philippe Pinel

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20
Q

York retreat house

A

William Tuke

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21
Q

American psychology- tranquillizing chair

A

Benjamin Rush

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22
Q

Electricity for melancholia

A

Benjamin Franklin

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23
Q

Human treatments in América

A

Dorothea Dix

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24
Q

Paresis- VIH lost memory

A

Bayle

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25
Q

DMS

A

Kraepelin

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26
Q

Leipzig

A

William Wund

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27
Q

First American who found psychological clinic

A

Witmer

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28
Q

often referred to as the father of modern medicine. Classified all mental disorders into three general categories— mania, melancholia, and phrenitis. He also conceived the doctrine of four humours, later developed by Galen, which was the first theory of temperament.

A

Hippocrates

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29
Q

on the question of whether mental disorders could be caused by psychological factors such as frustration and conflict, discussed the possibility and rejected it.

A

Aristotle

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30
Q

he took a scientific approach to the field, dividing the causes of psychological disorders into physical and mental categories.

A

Galen

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31
Q

the Chinese equivalent of Hippocrates, he based his views of physical and mental disorders on clinical observations, and he implicated organ pathologies as primary causes. However, he also believed that stressful psychological conditions could cause organ pathologies.

A

Chung ching

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32
Q

the widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria

A

Mass madness

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33
Q

Mass madness dance

A

Tarantism

34
Q

Mass madness wolves

A

Lycanthropy

35
Q

was an early critic of superstitious beliefs about possession. He insisted that the dancing mania was not a possession but a form of disease, and that it should be treated as such

A

Paracelcius

36
Q

the attempt carried out in the last decades of the twentieth to close down mental hospitals and return people who were psychiatrically disturbed to the community, ostensibly as a means of providing more integrated and humane treatment (it kind of failed).

A

Deinstitutionalisation

37
Q

believed that the planets affected a universal magnetic fluid in the body, the distribution of which determined health or disease. He used “animal magnetism” - patients were seated around a tub containing various chemicals, and iron rods protruding from the tub were applied to the affected areas of the patients’ bodies. He was reportedly able to remove hysterical anesthesias and paralyses.

A

Mesmerism

38
Q

the group of scholars who that sustained that hysteria was a sort of self-hypnosis. Charcot, a French neurologist, agreed with the findings of the …..and insisted that degenerative brain changes led to hysteria. The …finally triumphed.

A

The nancy school

39
Q

Risk factors and it’s subtypes

A

, and only if, X is shown to precede Y in time can we infer that X is a risk factor for Y. If X can be changed, then it is considered to be a variable risk factor for outcome Y. If not, then it is considered a fixed marker of outcome Y. If changing X leads to a change in Y., then and only then, would we consider X to be a causal risk factor for condition Y. If not, then X would be considered a variable marker of Y. Factors can be either distal or proximal, depending on the time they take to produce the change in the dependent variable.

40
Q

a cause that increases the probability of a disorder developing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur.

A

Contributory cause

41
Q

a factor which decreases the likelihood of negative outcomes among those at risk - it is not simply the absence of a risk factor, but instead is something that actively buffers against the likelihood of a negative out- come among those with some risk factor(s). are not necessarily positive experiences - sometimes exposure to stressful experiences results in resilience

A

Protective factor

42
Q

Personality traits and mental disorders are more often influenced either by abnormalities in some of the genes of the chromosome or by naturally occurring variations of the genes called as

A

polymorphisms.

43
Q

Genotype-environment Correlation - genes can actually shape the environmental experiences a child has, mainly in three ways. Which are:

A

e child’s genotype may have what has been termed a passive effect on the environment, resulting from the genetic similarity of parents and children. The child’s genotype may evoke particular kinds of reactions from the social and physical environment - a so-called evocative effect. The child’s genotype may play a more active role in shaping the environment - a so-called active effect. In this case the child seeks out or builds an environment that is congenia

44
Q

in twin studies, the percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait.

A

Concordance rate

45
Q

studies which capitalize on several currently known locations on chromosomes of genes for other inherited physical characteristics or biological processes

A

Linkage analysis

46
Q

studies which start with two large groups of individuals, one group with and one group without a given disorder. Researchers then compare the frequencies in these two groups of certain genetic markers that are known to be located on particular chromosomes (such as eye color or blood group). If one or more of the known genetic markers occur with much higher frequency in the individuals with the disorder than in the people without the disorder, the researchers infer that one or more genes associated with the disorder are located on the same chromosome.

A

Association studies

47
Q

Neuronal plasticity

A

flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre- and postnatal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and so forth.

48
Q

Developmental system approach

A

emerging field that acknowledges that genet- ics influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, but also that these influences are bidirectional

49
Q

Children who are fearful and hypervigilant in many novel or unfamiliar situations

A

Behaviorally inhibited

50
Q

five dimensions of temperament

A

fearfulness, irritability/frustration, positive affect, activity level, and attentional persistence/ effortful control.

51
Q

Ego psychology

A

according to this view, developed by Anna Freud, psychopathology develops when the ego does not function adequately to control or delay impulse gratification or does not make adequate use of defence mechanisms when faced with internal conflicts.

52
Q

set of theories that focus on individuals’ interactions with real and imagined other people (external and internal objects) and on the relationships that people experience between their external and internal objects. Through a process of introjection, a child symbolically incorporates into his or her personality important people in his or her life. T

A

Object relations therapy

53
Q

Cognitive distortion

A
  • one central construct of the cognitive-behavioral perspective is the concept of schema. We tend to work new experiences into our existing cognitive frameworks, even if the new information has to be reinterpreted or distorted to make it fit—a process known as assimilation. Accommodation changing our existing frameworks to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesn’t fit—is more difficult and threatening. Different forms of psychopathology are characterized by different maladaptive schemas that have developed as a function of adverse early learning experiences.
54
Q

the process of assigning causes to things that happen.

A

Attribution theory

55
Q

Parenting style

A

authoritative, (2) authoritarian, (3) permissive/indulgent, and (4) neglectful/uninvolved. These styles vary in the degree of parental warmth and in the degree of parental control.

56
Q

a disorder of acute social withdrawal in which young people just remain in their room in their parents’ house and refuse social interactions for at least 6 months, but often for many years. It is found primarily in Japan.

A

Hikikomori

57
Q

Neurological examination

A

on - the assessment of the structural integrity of the brain. It can be carried out through EEG, CAT, MRI, PET, or fMRI.

58
Q

set of neuropsychological tests including: (1) the Halstead category test, which measures a subject’s ability to learn and remember material and can provide clues as to his or her judgment and impulsivity, the (2) tactual performance test, which measures a subject’s motor speed, response to the unfamiliar, and ability to learn and use tactile and kinesthetic cues, the (3) rhythm test, which measures attention and sustained concentration through an auditory perception task, the (4) speech sounds perception test, which determines whether an individual can identify spoken words, and (5) the finger oscillation task, which measures the speed at which an individual can depress a lever with the index finger.

A

Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery

59
Q

one of the most widely used rating scales for recording observations in clinical practice and in psychiatric research. The BPRS provides a structured and quantifiable format for rating clinical symptoms such as overconcern with physical symptoms, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, hostility, suspicious- ness, and unusual thought patterns.

A

Brief psychiatric rating scale

60
Q

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)

A

one of the most widely used procedures for selecting research subjects who are clinically depressed and also for assessing the response of such subjects to various treatments.

61
Q

an objective description of the person’s appearance and behavior. Ideally, takes place in a natural environment, but it is more likely to take place upon admission to a clinic or hospital. Researchers might use analogue situations, which are designed to yield information about the person’s adaptive strategies, might involve such tasks as staged role-playing, event reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures. In addition, clinicians might suggest their clients to engage in self-monitoring: self-observation and objective reporting of behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings.

A

Clinical Observation of Behaviour

62
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS-IV)

A

the most commonly used test for measuring adult intelligence. It includes both verbal and performance material and consists of 15 subtests. In cases where intellectual impairment or organic brain damage is thought to be central to a patient’s problem, however, intelligence testing may be the most crucial diagnostic procedure in the test battery. Yet in many clinical settings and for many clinical cases, gaining a thorough understanding of a client’s problems and initiating a treatment program do not require knowing the kind of detailed information about intellectual functioning that these instruments provide.

63
Q

Projective personality test

A

Projective personality tests are unstructured and include the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and the sentence completion test.

64
Q

tests are structured—that is, they typically use questionnaires, self-report inventories, or rating scales in which questions or items are carefully phrased and alternative responses are specified as choices. The most widely used assessment instrument is the MMPI-2

A

objective personality test

65
Q

TAT

A

Thematic apperception test

66
Q

MMPI-2 -

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is one of the major structured inventories for objective personality assessment. It is today the most widely used personality test for clinical and forensic assessment and for psychopathology research - translated versions of the inventory are widely used internationally. It is a 567 item, true/false self-report measure of a person’s psychological state. It consists of 10 clinical scales and it also includes a number of validity scales to detect whether a patient has answered the questions in a straightforward, honest manner. Furthermore, a number of additional scales have been devised—for example, to detect substance abuse, marital distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Limitations of this test include the fact that patients who are illiterate or confused cannot take the tests. Computer-based MMPI interpretation systems typi-
cally employ powerful actuarial procedures. In such systems, descriptions of the actual behavior or other established characteristics of many subjects with particular patterns of test scores have been stored in the computer. Whenever a person has one of these test score patterns, the appropriate description is printed out in the computer’s evaluation - it is always essential that a trained professional further interpret and monitor the assessment data.

67
Q

Categorical approach

A

one of the approaches used to classify abnormal behaviour. It assumes (1) that all human behavior can be divided into the categories of “healthy” and “disordered,” and (2) that within the latter there exist discrete, nonoverlapping classes or types of disorder that have a high degree of within-class homogeneity in both symptoms displayed and the underlying organization of the disorder identified.

68
Q

Dimensional approach

A

one of the approaches used to classify abnormal behaviour. It assumes that a person’s typical behavior is the product of differing strengths or intensities of behavior along several definable dimensions. People are assumed to differ from one another in their configuration or profile of these dimensional traits, and ”normal” is discriminated from “abnormal,” then, in terms of precise statistical criteria.

69
Q

Prototypical approach

A

one of the approaches used to classify abnormal behaviour. It suggests that the DSM should provide a narrative description of a prototypical case of each personality disorder rather than having a listing of diagnostic criteria as it now has. The clinician would simply rate the overall similarity or “match” between a patient and the prototype.

70
Q

a self-report checklist of fairly common, stressful life experiences to measure
stress.

A

Social readjustment rating scale

71
Q

an interview-based approach to the assessment of stress. Although interview-based approaches are more time consuming and costly to administer, they are considered more reliable than check- list methods and are preferred for research in this area.

A

Life events and difficulties schedule -

72
Q

the biological cost of adapting to stress. When we are relaxed and not experiencing stress, our is low. When we are stressed and feeling pressured, our is higher.

A

allostatic load

73
Q

Two systems of stress response

A

two distinct systems are involved in the stress response: (1) the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system and (2) the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system.

74
Q

the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the immune system.

A

Psychoneuroimunnology

75
Q

Leukocytes

A

B cells-antibodies-kill antigens
Macrophages-interleukin1-cytokines

76
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messenger which facilitates the communication between immune cells

77
Q

Type A behavior type and type D personality types

A

A: characterized by excessive competitive drive, extreme commitment to work, impatience or time urgency, and hostility. It is associated with a two- fold increased risk for coronary artery disease and an eightfold increased risk of having a heart attack. It is the hostility component of the Type A construct that is most closely correlated with coronary artery deterioration.
D: characterized by the tendency to experience negative emotions and also to feel insecure and anxious. It is associated with cardiovascular problems.

78
Q

Health in Anxiety and Depression

A

depression is associated with disrupted immune function, and it is also a factor in heart disease. Anhedonia (which is a symptom of depression characterized by profound loss of interest or pleasure) may be especially predictive of increased mortality after a heart attack. Long-term exposure to these proinflammatory cytokines is thought to lead to changes in the brain that manifest themselves as symptoms of depression. People who are depressed have shorter telomeres. Research has also demonstrated a relationship between phobic anxiety and increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Lonely people are also at increased risk of developing heart disease.

79
Q

Psychological Interventions for Stress -

A

several approaches might be beneficial in the treatment of stress-related physical disorders. These include emotional disclosure, biofeedback, relaxation and meditation, and cognitive-behaviour therapy.

80
Q

a type of cognitive-behaviour therapy that aims to prevent PTSD by preventing people to tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things they say to themselves before or during a stressful event.

A

Stress inoculation Training

81
Q

Treatments for PTSD

A

Antidepressants and antipsychotics
Cognitive behavioral therapy by prolonged exposure and cognitive therapy for no relapse.

82
Q

Types of approaches for abnormal behavior

A

Categorical
Dimensional
Prototypical

Psychology 3 unipd (6 decks)

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