CROP PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Flashcards
– process of providing plants the conditions that will make them free of
weeds, pests and diseases.
Crop protection
The _ stage between _ and _ constitutes the longest stay in
the field and the most vulnerable period of the crop.
growing, planting, flowering
Methods of pest control:
– modification of cultural practices such as time of planting and
crop rotation.
Cultural control
Methods of pest control:
change in the environment of the crop and the pest which
favors the survival of the crop such as flooding to kill insects and weeds
Ecological control
Methods of pest control:
introduction of certain insects which feed on pests,
application of chemosterilants to render the male sterile, or planting of certain
plants whose odor drive pests away.
Biological control
Methods of pest control:
breeding and planting of pest resistant varieties
Physiological control
Methods of pest control:
application of chemicals to control weeds, pests and diseases.
Chemical control
Methods of pest control:
use of flame for the selective burning of weeds in crops whose
stem is not injured by a short exposure to intense heat.
Flame control
Methods of pest control:
use of tools, implements and machines to reduce or
eliminate weeds and insects such as in land preparation, cultivation and weeding
Mechanical control
Classification of weeders:
A. By design of soil working part:
B. By power source:
rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes with cutting
edges sharpened and hardened for soil cutting and weed uprooting.
Blade type
straight or curved, round or square cross-section steel rods
sharply pointed and hardened at the soil working end.
Tine type
curved spikes or paddles attached radially to a common
axle which rotate when pushed forward to uproot and bury weeds.
Rotary type
hand-held or push-type weeders for upland or
lowland.
Manual weeders
utilize the blade and tine type of soil
working parts with short (< 0.5 m), medium (< 1 m) and long
(> 1 m) handles.
Hand-held weeders
utilize any of the three types of soil
working parts for upland (wheel hoe) and lowland (rotary
weeder) weeding.
Push-type weeders
soil working parts are mounted on a frame or
tool bar pulled by an animal for upland weeding.
Animal-drawn weeders
soil working parts are mounted on a frame or
tool bar pulled by a two-wheel or four-wheel tractor for upland weeding.
Tractor-drawn weeders
rotary type weeder driven by its own engine for
lowland weeding.
Power weeders
Most popular way of applying chemicals in the Philippines is with the use of
knapsack
sprayers
Functions of a sprayer:
- Break the liquid into droplets of effective size
- Distribute the spray solution uniformly
- Regulate the spraying rate
Basic components of a sprayer:
Chemical supply
Tank
Basic components of a sprayer:
Energy source
Pump and pressure chamber
Basic components of a sprayer:
Atomizer
Nozzles
Basic components of a sprayer:
Control device
Cut-off valve
Basic components of a sprayer:
Conductors
Flexible hose and rigid lance
Principles of creating hydraulic energy: Pressure is created by adding liquid to a chamber with fixed volume of air (Ex. _
sprayer)
Knapsack
Principles of creating hydraulic energy:
Pressure is created by adding air to a container with a fixed volume of liquid (Ex. _ sprayer
Compression
Performance is dependent on hydraulic energy as follows:
1. The higher the pressure, the “smaller or larger” the droplets
smaller
Performance is dependent on hydraulic energy as follows:
The higher the pressure, the “lower or higher” the flow rate
higher
Performance is dependent on hydraulic energy as follows:
The higher the pressure, the “closer or wider” the spray angle
wider
Type of nozzles that produces a cone shaped pattern of spray which could be
hollow or solid cone.
Cone type
Best suited for spraying crops because it produces a spray in
which droplets approach the leaves from several angles.
Cone type
The pressure is high and then orifice is small.
Cone type
type of nozzle that produces a flat pattern.
Fan type
Best suited for spraying flat surfaces as in the application of
herbicides.
Fan type
The pressure is low and the orifice is large.
Fan type
Formula for Area per minute
A= W* S
where:
A=area per minute (m2/min)
W=Effective width or swath (m)
S= Walking speed (m/min)
Formula for Time per hectare
T= 10000 m2/ha over A
where: T=time per hectare (m2/ha)
A= area per minute (m2/min)
Formula for application rate
Q=q*T
where:
Q=application rate (l/min)
q=discharge rate (l/min)
T=time per hectare (min/ha)
Formula for time per load
T1= Sprayer capacity (liters/load) over discharge rate (l/min)
Formula for Area per load:
A1= WST1
where:
W=effectivie width or swath
S=walking speed
T1=time per load
Formula for amount of insecticide per load
Il=Insecticide application rate (l/ha) over 10000m2/ha
Formula for number of loadings:
NL (loads/ha) =10000m2/ha over area per load
Formula for total volume:
Vt=Total volume= number of loadings * sprayer capacity per load (l/load)
