Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization Flashcards
Embracing the manufacture, distribution, utilization and provision of
after-sales service of tools, implements and machines for land
development, agricultural production and primary post-production
processes.
Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization
Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization includes the use of three main sources of power:
human,
animal and mechanical.
its objectives are to
1. Reduce human effort
2. Improve quality
3. perform operations that cannot be done by other means
4. improve timeliness of operation of various operations
Mechanization
the benefits of this are to:
1. increase yields
2. increase quality of product
3. increase overall efficiency
mechanization
2 models of mechanization:
High land area to farmer ratio and Low land area to farmer ratio
Model of mechanization that isMotivated into increasing the level of mechanization in order to cultivate large
agricultural lands with limited available manpower and take advantage of
favorable agricultural commodity prices.
Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia follow the USA model
High land area to farmer ratio
model of mechanization that isMotivated into increasing the level of mechanization in order to increase yields
and cropping intensities to meet the growing demands for food and agricultural
raw materials.
South Korea, China, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and the Philippines follow the Japanese
model.
Low land area to farmer ratio
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Tractors, power tillers, irrigation pumps, harvesters and threshers
increased cropping intensities
➢ Irrigation pumps increased yields
➢ Harvester and threshers reduced losses which effectively increased yields
Increased cropping intensity and production
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Tractors in land preparation reduced 50% of the labor inputs
➢ However, labor for land preparation in the Philippines comprised mainly
family labor
➢ Freed family labor can look for alternative work opportunities; children
can go to school
Increased productivity of labor
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Availability of machines allow the processing of farm products and by-products
➢ Take the case of pineapple and coconut. Rather than just selling the
fruit and nut, they can be processed into different products
Full utilization of farm products and by products
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Development of harvesting, threshing and processing machines reduced
harvest and postharvest losses
Reduction of losses
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Secondary and tertiary processing open up market potentials and lead to
higher retail prices
➢ Shelled peanut retailers earn P0.50/kg or more
➢ Dried corn can extend the selling period and need not be forced to sell at
a low price
Increased value added of farm products
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Machines designed to increase cropping intensities and production will
correspondingly increase labor requirements for production and
postharvest operations
➢ Machines designed to diversify farm products and by products open up
various livelihood opportunities
➢ Use of machines will require the putting up of repair shops in the village
areas
Employment and livelihood generation
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Local agricultural machinery manufacturing will minimize the importation
of agricultural machinery
Import substitution
Potential benefits from mechanization:
➢ Locally manufactured agricultural machinery can be exported to
countries with similar farming conditions such as the Philippines
Export possibilities
Agencies involved in agricultural mechanization: Department of Agriculture (DA):
inter-agency committee which serves as advisory to the Secretary on mechanization concerns
Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Committee (AFMeC)
Agencies involved in agricultural mechanization: Department of Agriculture (DA):
in-charge of
post harvest mechanization and corn mechanization
Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Agencies involved in agricultural mechanization: Department of Agriculture (DA):
In-charge of rice
mechanization
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)
Agencies involved in agricultural mechanization: Department of Agriculture (DA):
In-charge of
developing small-scale irrigation projects
Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)
Agencies involved in agricultural mechanization: Department of Agriculture (DA):
In-charge of developing large-scale irrigation projects
National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
Agencies involved in agricultural mechanization: Department of Agriculture (DA):
In-charge of vegetable mechanization
Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
In-charge of grain storage and
marketing
National Food Authority (NFA)
Base of the Agricultural Eng’g
RDE Network
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)
In-charge of
agricultural mechanization concerns in the different regions
Regional Agricultural Engineering Group (RAEG)
A government sector or higher institution that has AMDP and AMTEC
University of the Philippines Los Baňos (UPLB)
Research
and extension on agricultural mechanization; Philippine counterpart of
the Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM)
Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP)
Testing
and evaluation of agricultural machinery; Development of agricultural
machinery standards
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center(AMTEC)
A higher institution that has PhilSCAT
Central Luzon State University (CLSU)
adaption and promotion of Chinese agricultural machinery for local
conditions
Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology (PhilSCAT)
A government agency that offers PCARRD
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
base of the Agricultural Engineering R&D
Team which provides policy direction for agricultural mechanization
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development (PCARRD)
base of the Board of Agricultural
Engineering (BOAE) which regulates and promotes the agricultural engineering
profession
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
A private sector that is national and regional
professional organization of agricultural engineers with similar functions as BOAE
Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
Heart of the agricultural machinery manufacturing, marketing and
after-sales service
Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers, Dealers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA)
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine: stands for the reputation of the manufacturer and a
guarantee of what lies beneath the paint
Trade mark
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine: take note of the quality of materials used and the
manufacturing technology employed in the manufacture of the machine
as this will have a direct bearing on performance and durability
Materials
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine:
pay attention to placement of controls. Ensure that
controls are accessible and soft to operate. Look for adjustments of
handle bars and seats
Ease of operation
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine:
a machine requires daily and periodic
maintenance and adjustments. Ensure that points of maintenance and
adjustment are easy to perform. The machine should have an operator’s
manual explaining the procedures.
Ease of maintenance
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine:
check for safety provisions for both machine and operator. All
rotating parts should be provided with shields. Snap clutches or similar
devices should be installed to protect the machine and prime mover in
case of overload.
Safety
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine: make sure that spare parts and service are available
nearby. Ask for local dealers and for the machine.
Source of repair
Point or features of machines that may help select the right machine:
decide if you will need an engine or electric motor.
Power source
With the _ engine, first cost is lower but operating cost is
high. W
gasoline
With the _ engine, first cost is high but operating cost
is low.
diesel
Measures of machinery investment appraisal that does not take into consideration the change in
value of money over time.
Undiscounted measures
length of time it takes to recover the
investment or until the net benefits equal the investment cost.
Payback period (PBP)
The decision rule is to select the alternative with the SHORTEST OR LONGEST
PBP.
Shortest
level of operation where the
investment neither produces a profit nor incurs a loss.
Break-even point (BEP)
The
decision rule is to accept the alternative with the LOWEST OR HIGHEST BEP.
LOWEST
Measures of machinery investment appraisal that the time value of money is taken into
consideration through the process called discounting.
Discounted measure
is the process of translating future values in present worth
by applying a set of discount factors that reflects the diminishing value
of the same amount of money as one moves further into the future.
Discounting
ratio of the present worth of the
benefit stream over the present worth of cost stream extending
over a period of time usually the life of the machine.
Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)
Decision
rule is to accept projects with BCR “≥ 1 or ≥ 0”.
≥ 1
the difference of the present value of
the benefit stream and the present value of the cost stream
extending over a period of time usually the life of the machine.
Net Present Value (NPV)
The decision rule is to accept projects with NPV “≥ 0 or ≥ 1”.
≥ 0
the maximum interest rate the
project can pay for the use of money if the project is to break-even
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
At this point, the NPV = O and BCR = 1.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
The decision
rule is that the IRR of the project should be “lower or higher” than the
prevailing interest rate of the bank.
higher
