Agricultural Mechanization Flashcards
a system of production of food and fiber that embraces
the use of tools, implement and machines for agricultural land development, production,
harvesting, and on-farm processing
Agricultural mechanization
As a discipline, _ _ covers the manufacture,
distribution, and utilization of tools, implements, and machines.
agricultural mechanization
the application of animal and machine power to
multiply man’s ability to perform production operations.
Agricultural mechanization
Levels of agricultural mechanization:
simplest and most basic level; use pf tools and simple
implements powered by human muscle.
Hand tool technology
Levels of agricultural mechanization:
implements and machines utilizing animal muscle as
the power source.
Draft animal technology
Levels of agricultural mechanization:
most sophisticated level; agricultural machinery
powered by mechanical or non-animate sources.
Mechanical power technology
Changes necessary for agricultural mechanization:
present paddy size is most efficient for animal and man
farming operations but not for mechanized operations; energy available has limited such
size; that’s why large landownership resulted in tenant system
In farm size and layout
Changes necessary for agricultural mechanization:
mechanization overcomes peak energy
requirements to permit a second crop or next crop immediately following the previous
crop, hence increasing cropping intensity
In farm practices and crops grown
Changes necessary for agricultural mechanization:
mechanization is based solely on cash exchange which is true in
any industry that makes use of power.
In social systems
refers to the tools, implements, and equipment manufactured and
used for field operations to effect land preparation, including land clearing and land forming,
crop establishment, crop care and maintenance, and crop harvest and processing as well as
to those for the establishment, care and maintenance of poultry, livestock, and aquaculture
Agricultural machinery
grouping together of small parcels of land comprising a
contiguous area and reforming the boundaries for the purpose of effecting suitable field shapes and sizes conducive to efficient operation of agricultural machinery, building access
roads, field irrigation and drainage canals as well as allotting spaces for crop postharvest
processing structures
Land consolidation
The initial steps in planning for land consolidation consist of
_ _ and determining the _ of the _ _ (requiring an
agricultural engineer’s professional work).
topographic surveys, layout, required infrastructures
the grouping together of farms in an area (initially forming a
minimum of 50-ha cluster) for synchronized farming operations from land preparation to
harvesting in cooperation or contract with agricultural mechanized operations service
providers for the purpose of making field operations efficient and thus, effect low cost,
timely, and professional or high quality services to the benefit also of the farmers forming the
cluster.
Farmland clustering
Machinery for rice production in the Philippines:
with moldboard plow and comb-tooth harrow (suyod) as standard implements – riding type as in Nueva Ecija; pedestrian
type elsewhere
Power tiller or hand tractor or two-wheel tractor
Machinery for rice production in the Philippines:
hydrotiller in Laguna or turtle power tiller in
Iloilo and elsewhere in Visayas and Mindanao
Rotary tiller or floating power tiller
Machinery for rice production in the Philippines:
with single cylinder engine – for shallow tubewell pumping
Centrifugal water pump
Machinery for rice production in the Philippines : popular nationwide and in Asia with adaptive designs
Axial-flow thresher
is the time that would be required to finish a field operation
at the theoretical field capacity; it is the reciprocal of theoretical field capacity.
Theoretical time per hectare
is the percentage of effectiveness of performance of a machine as
for example the recovery of grain in a thresher or the degree of soil inversion of a plow as
expected in the design under the operating conditions.
Performance efficiency
is the time spent for actual performance of the machine; that is,
adding time spent to make up for time spent for strips of land not covered by the full width
of the machine; effective operating time will be longer than the theoretical time if such is the
case.
Effective operating time
is the ratio of effective field capacity to theoretical field capacity, expressed
as percent. It is also the ratio of the theoretical time to the total time actually spent including
those for losses that are proportional to area and those that are not proportional to area.
Field efficiency
_ of soil on a tillage tool is the ease of movement of the furrow slice to slide over
the moldboard, disk, chisel, cultivator, or furrower surface with minimal adhesion of the soil to that surface on account of the soil moisture content falling within the friable phase and on
account of the low coefficient of soil-metal friction, coefficient of soil-soil friction, angle of
approach of the tool, soil cohesion and soil adhesion.
Scouring
will occur when the soil-tool
interface frictional resistance is less than the parallel soil-soil interface resistance.
Scouring
_ in a tillage tool is a small blade, spatula, or curved plate that is designed to remove
any soil sticking on tool surface such as on the disk plow face or disk harrow blades. In the
animal-drawn plow it is in the form of a thin spatula which is conveniently tucked on the
extension of the plow standard for manually scraping the soil sticking on the moldboard
when needed.
scraper
consists of a front gang of disks with disk angle and disk concave face
causing the soil to be moved to the right (left) for a right (left)-hand offset and the rear gang
causing the soil to be moved to the left (right) for a left-hand offset.
Offset disk harrow
is the rear furrow wheel that bears
against the furrow wall to counteract the parasitic forces that produce a torque tending to
rotate the tail end of the plow towards the direction of the land and tending to steer the front
end of the tractor towards the plowed portion.
Equivalent of landside in a tractor operated disk plow
the planting of crops where the rows and hills within the rows are
aligned in perpendicular, diagonal, and other angular directions.
Checkrow planting
the placement of a single seed in a hill within the row at a uniform
depth and at a uniform environment for germination of each seed.
Precision planting
is the planting of rice seeds on dry land or on saturated soil without
covering the seed with water or mud.
Aerobic seeding of rice
_ _ of rice is similar to aerobic seeding except that it is carried out on land
that has not been puddled or is prepared mostly during the dry weather just like one for
upland crops.
Dryland seeding
includes all plant material entering the combine or fed into the
thresher except the grain or seed.
. Non-grain material
is the ratio of the grain mass to the mass of non-grain material.
Grain/non-grain ratio
is the rate at which non-grain material is delivered
to the cylinder by the header of the combine or by manual feeding in the case of the
thresher.
The non-grain feed rate
is the rate, in kg grain per unit time, at which grain or seed is delivered to
the threshing cylinder by the combine header or by the manual feeder in the axial-flow
thresher.
Grain feed rate
is the sum of the non-grain feed rate and the grain feed rate
Total feed rate
includes grain lost during cutting the stalks by means of sickle, grain lost when gathering the
material to form into sheaves, grain lost during manual transport of the sheaves to the large
stack, and grain lost in retrieving material from the stack to convey it to the threshing tray.
In the combine, the gathering loss consists of grain or seed lost during cutting and conveying
operations to the threshing mechanism.
Gathering and pre-threshing losses in manual harvesting and mechanized threshing
in a combine consists of unthreshed grain coming out from the straw rack or
in the cleaning shoe
Cylinder loss
is threshed grain or seed that are included in the straw and discharged from
the rear of the machine.
Walker loss
is threshed seed or grain discharge over the rear of the cleaning shoe.
Shoe loss
consist of unthreshed grains and the panicle materials to which they are attached.
Tailings
Three types of threshing cylinders are :
peg-tooth or spike-tooth, wire loop, and
rasp-bar
are common in head feed cylinders such as those used in pedal
threshers and Japanese threshers and combines where the straw is saved from being
crushed between the concave and cylinder to make it usable for rope or other purposes.
Wire loop teeth
Three types of threshing action in throw-in feeding of threshing material according to the
direction of the material inside the threshing unit are:
a. Tangential or cross-flow
b. Axial flow
c. Radial flow
where the material is fed on one side of the threshing
cylinder and discharged tangentially at the opposite side after passing between the
cylinder and concave grate;
Tangential or cross-flow
where the material is fed at one end of the cylinder and by combined
threshing and conveying actions of the peg teeth, concave grate, and spiral deflector
attached to the cylinder cover, the material is conveyed spirally around the cylinder and
the crushed straw with minimal amount of free and unthreshed palay (if palay is not wet)
is discharged by a paddle wheel at the other end of the cylinder.
Axial flow
This type of threshing
present problems of clogging and much grain loss with the straw when the palay is wet
as is often the case during the rainy season. Gleaners do their part in recovering the
grain;
Axial flow
For shattering resistant rice varieties, separation can only be
about _% and re-feeding will be necessary
60%
w where the material is usually hand held by four operators and the threshed
grain travels radially inside a rotating threshing conical table with wire loops. This
principle has not gained popular use.
Radial flow
The optimum range of moisture content of palay for harvesting is
21 to 24%.
r has peg or spike teeth cylinder as the pegs do efficient separation
of the grains from the attachment by impact and rubbing action of the pegs or spikes as
the material pass between them and the concave grate
Axial flow thresher
Self-propelled Japanese combine has _ teeth because the palay is head-fed or
the rice stalks are held or clamped by a pair of spring-loaded sprocket chains with
triangular teeth while being conveyed axially along the cylinder. In this way, the straw is
not crushed for some other use or purpose such as rope for mat-making.
wire-loop
the
popular Japanese rice variety; is resistant to shattering
Koshihikari
Rice stripper-gatherer has _ _teeth that have keyhole shape at
the base for efficient combing and stripping actions
hard-rubber stripping
Corn combine has _ _ _ but has concave grate for effective corn shelling at
high rate
rasp bar cylinder
Formula for Draft at speed
Ds=Do+KS^2
Where:
Ds = draft at speed, S
Do = static component of draft, independent of speed
S = forward speed
K = a constant whose value is related to implement type and design and to soil
conditions
It is one of the types of moldboards that arelong and low with gradual twist or spiral and often with
extension to effect maximum soil inversion to cover trash.
Sod type moldboards
a type of moldboard that is short and broad with abrupt curvature near the top, thus
effecting soil breakup
Stubble type moldboard
has curvature, height, and length between the
stubble and the sod types suitable for wide range of soil conditions. Some moldboards
are slatted to deal with sticky soils that present problems of scouring
General-purpose type moldboard
In a plow disk, it is the angle between the horizontal diameter of the disk face and the
direction of travel and is normally 42o to 45o.
Disk angle
In a plow disk, it is the angle that the disk is tilted backward from the vertical usually at an
angle from 15o to 25o.
Tilt angle
consists of a series of large-diameter disks (61 to 71 cm)
mounted individually and inclined on a frame supported by a rear furrow wheel if plow is
mounted type or wheels if semi-mounted or pulled type
The standard disk plow
locally known as harrow plow, has smaller diameter (51 to 61
cm) disks and plows shallower than the standard disk plow. The disks are mounted with
uniform spacing along a common axle or gang bolt and clamped together with spacer
spools. The gang of disks rotates as a unit like a disk harrow gang. The tilt angle is zero
or the disk faces are vertically oriented. However, the disks have a common disk angle
which is the angle of the gang from the direction of travel.
The vertical disk plow
the reciprocal of the radius of curvature of the disk = 1/r, where r is the radius of curvature of the disk. Thus, the less the concavity the larger is the radius of
curvature.
Concavity of a disk
has two opposed gangs of disk blades both throw the soil
outward from the center of the tilled strip
Single-acting disk harrow
Tandem disk harrow has two additional single-acting gangs of disk blades behind the
front gangs but throw the soil inward toward the center of the tilled strip thus, producing
a somewhat level field.
has two opposed gangs on in front which throws the soil outward
and one at the rear, which throws the soil inward. The line of pull is offset from the
center of gravity.
Offset disk harrow
In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil:
a. Depth of placement
2 - 3 cm from the soil surface
In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil:
Soil compaction
soil on top of seed is loose; soil around seed is pressed; and soil at
bottom of seed slightly compacted
In seeding, the recommended proper placement of the seed and fertilizer in the soil:
Fertilizer placement
5 cm to the side and 5 cm deep
type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting:
– seed or plant placed at bottom of furrow
Furrow planting
type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting:
seed or plant placed on flat or level surface
Flat planting
type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting:
one row is planted on the ridge of the furrow
Bed planting
type of soil surface profile for row-crop planting:
two or more rows are planted on the broad bed top.
Broad bed planting
type of furrow openers:
– for depth of penetration and cutting trash as in grain drills
Single disk
type of furrow openers:
for medium and shallow seeding where depth control is critical and made
possible with removable depth bands
Double disk
type of furrow openers:
for medium depths in trash-free soil
Full or curved runner
type of furrow openers:
for rough and trashy ground
Stub runner
type of furrow openers:
for stony and root infested soils
Hoe
The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines:
– a rotating edge-drop horizontal plate with
spring-loaded cut-off device that rides on top of the plate and wipes off excess seeds as
the cells move beneath it; a spring-loaded knock out pawl pushes the seeds from the
cells when they are over the seed tube.
Tractor-mounted corn planter (Ford)
The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines:
– Fluted wheel
Tractor-drawn grain drill (IH McCormick)
The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines:
– Fixed row of orifices
Manually pulled rice drum seeder (IRRI-designed)
The seed metering device used in each of the following planting machines:
– Fixed orifice or stationary-opening with agitator
driven by ground wheel
Vegetable seeder (Planet Jr.)
Two types of hitch linkages of 4-wheel tractors:
– employed mostly for front-mounted cultivators where raising
and lowering of the gang or tool bar result in equal changes in the depths of all shovels
and does not change the pitch of the shovels
Parallel-link hitches
Two types of hitch linkages of 4-wheel tractors:
– rear-mounted with 4 categories with
dimensions corresponding to the different ranges of maximum drawbar power.
Three-point hitch converging link type
– a type of restrained link system in which the depth is
automatically adjusted to maintain a pre-selected, constant draft.
Automatic draft control
is a fixed cost if the machine life is determined by obsolescence or if the machine is assumed to have a life span or fully depreciated before it wears out. However, if
it is based on operating time before it wears out, then depreciation is a considered
a variable cost.
Depreciation
Items to consider in cost analysis:
is estimated arbitrarily by estimate of years to obsolescence or years to
wear out or
becomes uneconomically repairable. The lesser value is to be used
Machine life
Items to consider in cost analysis:
should reflect the prevailing interest rates. The interest cost
reflects the opportunities foregone for other financial investment with that money
because it has been tied up in the purchase of the machine
Interest on investment
are important considerations but normally when a
machine has been purchased the cost include taxes already. In only some cases where
necessary, like in the case of expensive tractors and combines working in security
sensitive will the machine be insured against damage or sabotage. However, cost of
housing the machine such as shed for protection from the elements and security as well,
is to be included
Taxes, insurance, and shelter
Items to consider in cost analysis:
are at best estimated unless there is a historical record of
similar machines from the same manufacturer from which data on repairs can be taken.
Otherwise, repair cost is estimated as 15% of the initial cost
Repairs and maintenance
Items to consider in cost analysis:
can be substantial operational cost. Fuels and lubricant costs are very volatile and fluctuate according to the cost of crude oil
in the world market and the exchange rate of the peso. Historical records of fuel
consumption, repair, and maintenance costs for similar brand engines and applications
can be helpful in making estimates.
Fuels, lubricants, and miscellaneous supplies
Dimensions for 4 hitch categories as follows
Category I – is?
15 to 35 kW (20 to 45 hp)
Dimensions for 4 hitch categories as follows
Category _– 30 to 75 kW (40 to 100 hp)
II
Dimensions for 4 hitch categories as follows
Category _ – 60 to 168 kW (80 to 225 hp)
III
