criminology updated

Question 1

Social learning theroy

Answer 1

Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, posits that people learn by observing others, imitating behaviors, and being influenced by models. It emphasizes the role of observation, imitation, reinforcement, and self-efficacy in shaping behavior. This theory has applications in various fields and highlights the importance of social interactions in learning and development.

BOBO DOLL (INDIVIDUALISTIC)

Question 2

Freud and psychoanalysis

Answer 2

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory posits that human behavior is shaped by unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Psychoanalysis, his therapeutic method, aims to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts. Despite criticism, Freud’s ideas have had a lasting impact on psychology and psychotherapy. (INDIVIDUALISTIC)

Question 3

theory of personality

Answer 3

Hans Eysenck’s theory of personality focuses on three dimensions: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism. These dimensions reflect tendencies towards sociability, emotional stability, and aggressiveness. Eysenck proposed that these traits have a biological basis and influence behavior and mental health. (INDIVIDUALISTIC)

Question 4

Individualistic theories in criminology

Answer 4

Individualistic theories in criminology focus on internal factors like personality traits, genetics, and decision-making processes to explain criminal behavior, diverging from societal explanations. Examples include trait theory, biosocial theory, rational choice theory, and psychological theories. (INDIVIDUALISTIC)

Question 5

Sociological theories in criminology

Answer 5

emphasize societal factors and social structures as explanations for criminal behavior. They examine how social institutions, norms, and interactions influence individuals’ likelihood of engaging in crim (SOCIOLOGICAL)

Question 6

Strain Theory

Answer 6

Developed by Robert Merton, this theory argues that society’s emphasis on material success and the unequal distribution of opportunities lead to a disconnection between culturally prescribed goals (such as wealth) and the means to achieve them. This disconnect, known as anomie, can result in strain and lead individuals to engage in criminal behavior. (SOCIOLOGICAL)

Question 7

Labeling theory

Answer 7

Howard Becker
focuses on the societal reaction to individuals’ behavior. It suggests that the labeling of individuals as “criminals” or “deviant” by society can lead to further criminal behavior as individuals internalize these labels and adopt a deviant identity. (SOCIOLOGICAL)

Question 8

Conflict theory

Answer 8

Karl Marx
views crime as a result of social inequality and the struggle for power and resources within society. It suggests that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful and is used to control and oppress marginalized groups (SOCIOLOGICAL)

Question 9

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 9

posits that individuals commit crimes after considering the potential gains against the risks. Offenders are viewed as rational actors who weigh the benefits versus consequences of their actions. (INDIVIDUALISTIC)