Criminal Topic 3- Collection Of Evidence (cog)

Question 1

What is topic 3

Answer 1

The collection of evidence

Question 2

What is the research in topic 3

Answer 2

Key: memon and higham supporting: Reid, gudjohnnson, mann, peace

Question 3

Outline the key research by memon and higham- a review of the cognitive interview

Answer 3

Components of a cognitive interview: 1. Mental Reinstatement of context: not always practical to interview at scene to asked to mentally take themselves back by imagining noises , smells, light, people) and mentally reinstate their internal thoughts/feelings at the time in hopes it will act as cue for recall. 2. Report everything: regardless if they think it’s trivial/irrelevant, hope details will cue memory and help increase accuracy, help police build a pic when used in conjunction 3. Recall from variety of perspectives: describe events as others present may have seen it but only report what they saw to avoid reconstruction. 4. Recall on diff temporal orders: half way through, going in reverse to offer trigger and prevents schemas or scripts, if going beginning to end there is danger of reconstruction (what would normally happen). Eval: 1. Milne used alone gains as much info from witness as complete interview , other research h as mixed results 3. Witness may fabricate or technique may confuse witness, not used in practice as misleading Milne- some evidence it produces as much accurate info but not amount 4. More effective to recall once forward and once backward than twice forward but other researchers can’t prove it yields more info. Suggestions about training:done by police sergeants rather than uni academics, baseline measures taken of attitudes, motivation, experience for those being trained, should be given feedback to stop bad habits, given chance to practice, given 2 days training

Question 4

Reid-9 steps of interrogation

Answer 4

1. Positive confrontation (tell suspect without doubt they are guilty) 2. Theme development 3. Handling denials (don’t allow suspect to deny guilt) 4. Overcoming objections (used as admission of guilt) 5. Procurement of suspects attention (use of personal space and eye contact to stop withdrawal) 6. Handling passive moods (if become upset, use as acknowledgment they’ve been caught) 7. Present alt question (2 choices about what happened , both guilty but one more understanding) 8. Get suspect to make oral confession 9. Convert Oral to written to use in court. Must have only 1 and 9 in order , not all have to be used

Question 5

Gudjonsson-false confessions

Answer 5

Suggested 4 facets that need considering when establishing is a confession may be coercion. 1. Defendant (v young/old, low iq, mental disorder) 2. Arrest (sudden, violent, middle of night, interrogated for long period) 3. Mental/physical state (stress, intoxicated, ill) 4. The interrogation coercive, bias, leading. High score on gud suggestibility scale likely to give false confession

Question 6

Mann et al - lie detection techniques

Answer 6

Aims to test police officers ability to distinguish truth and lies in police interviews of suspects. 99 Kent police officers 24f, 75m, mean age 34.5. Ps asked to judge truthfulness of people in real police interviews. Vid clips of 14 suspects showing head and torso. 54 clips 6-145seconds. Filled out questionnaire about experience in detecting. After each Clio asked if lie or truth and how confident and list what they used to detect lies. Results: mean lie accuracy 66.2%, truth 63.7%- not sig diff greater than purely chance. Experience correlated with accuracy. Most freq cue for lying was gaze 2nd, vagueness, contradictions and fidgeting . Good lie detectors rely more on story cues than body language

Question 7

Peace model of interviewing

Answer 7

Developed in the uk to stop false confessions. P-prep and planning (timeline, all info on interviewee, any accessibilityissies. E-engage and explain (form rapport, explain purpose a d see they understand) a- account, clarify and challenge (allow to give account uninterrupted, use open qs, summarise info and ask for clarification, find lies or withholding and challenge statements to identify inconsistencies. C-closure close interview, reinforce rapport Ensire likely to speak again, give contact details e-evaluation (everything was covered, stuff to follow up)

Question 8

Application- for police interviews

Answer 8

Not use leading qs, back to scene of crime, use peace