Child Topic 5- Development Of Attatchment Flashcards
What is topic 5
Development of attachment
What studies are in topic 5
Key: ainsworth and bell supporting: ainsworth, Harlow, hodges and tizard, howes
Ainsworth and bell - attachment, exploration and separation
Aim: to observe in a lab setting the attachment behaviours of a child using the strange situation. Ps: 56 white middle class children found through paediatricians and private practice all under the age of 1 :Method. Each child tested individually in room 9 by 9 ft marked with 16 squared to record position. Room has child’s chair surrounded by rugs and 2 chairs for mother and stranger. Observers in adjoining room using two way window/ mirror and recorded every 15s (time sampling). 1.mother carries baby into room puts child down and sits in chair /engages if child seeks attention 2. Stranger enters sits for 1 min talks to meet her and approaches baby W toy, mother leaves after 3 mins. 3. Stranger sits W baby of happy but if distressed stranger comforts 4. Mother enters and waits at door for reaction, stranger leaves but once child settles, mother leaves again. 5. Baby left for another 3 mins unless distressed then stranger enters (plays or comforts unless can be comforted) 6. Mother returns and stranger leaves. Results:measures of proximity or contact seeking/resisting on intensity scale 1-7. exploratory behaviour decreased when not W mother. Minimal crying when stranger entered room but rose when mother left. Proximity seeking behaviour shown when mother returned. Contact/proximity revisiting not shown until reunion when some did, behaviour increased with each separation. Avoidant behaviours shown in 1/2 children in each reunion , 1/3 showed to stranger in 3 and decreased in 4 and 7. When mother returns, exploratory behaviour don’t return to same level. Discussion: avoidant behaviour of stranger indicated fear of unknown as decreased but not W mother
Harlow: need for comfort as well as food
8 monkeys separated from mother’s and in cages with 2 surrogate mothers one made from wire, one made from cloth p. Half would get milk from the wire monkey, half from the cloth monkey. Studied for 165 days. Both spent more time with the cloth mother and only go to wire when hungry. If scary object placed in front would seek refuge with cloth. Explore toys when cloth mother present. Monkeys were more timid, didn’t know how to act with other monkeys, were bullied and had difficulties mating. If over 90 days, the effect was permanent
Hodges and tizard- late adoption
Children in care 2-7 either adopted or returned to old families. Care had good physical case but high staff turnover and not allowed to form strong attachments to children. By 4 had 50 different caregivers, by 8 majority had formed close attachments W adopted parent but some who returned to old families didn’t as had mixed feelings about having child back as well as hardships faced. Teachers said they had more attention seeking behaviour and poor peer relationships. At 16, adopted children differed little from control but those returned to families had poor family relationships. Both more likely to seek affection and approval, more difficulties W peers, don’t have peers as emotional support
Howes- features of high quality nurseries
Have less children per care giver (3 at most). Well qualified staff, trained, knowledgeable about child development. Staff turnover should be low to allow consistency. Staff should be responsible and sensitive to children’s needs by responding quickly, comforting them and giving them attention. Consistency of care important for attachment friendly environment
Ainsworth- 3 types of attachment
- Secure- career is sensitive and loving toward child (picking up, reassuring). Child actively seeks proximity to caregiver 2. Insecure avoidant- career is incentive and rejecting to child (ridicule, annoyed) child avoids career at times of need, not distressed by absence, avoids proximity of reunion. 3. Insecure resistant- career insensitive or inconsistent (mood swings, over reacting, placing own needs) child exaggerated anger or distress until care giver notices
App: develop an attachment friendly environment
- Provide physical comfort 2. Be sensitive to child’s emotions, be around consistently
