criminal psychology topic 3- collection of evidence Flashcards
memon and higham aim
to review the cognitive interview by comparing the effectiveness of different aspects of cognitive interviews
memon and higham
types of cognitive recalls to collect info
context reinstatement
report everything
recalling from diff perspectives
recalling in a diff order
memon and higham
findings
one study compared effectives of each seperate part of the CI and found no difference in the amount of detail produced
memon and higham
memory measures
studies measure recall by the % of correct interview statements or other simplistic measures
this doesnt take into account the number of unreported info or how important the info reported is
the standard interview encourages witnesses to only give accurate info whereas the instructions to report everything may elicit more info which witnesses are unsure of
memon and higham
the effect of training
training given to police officers in the use of CI is inconsistent and officers may be resistant to the training esp if given by an outside lecturer
so training should be done by police sergeants and officers to be given feedback on their performance and given a chance to practise the technique
Reid-nine steps of interoggation
- positive confrontation
- theme development
- handling denials
- overcoming objections
- procurement+retention of suspects attention
- handling the suspects passive mood
- presenting an alternative question
- get the suspect to confess orally and to tell in full the details of their crime
- convo of the oral confession into a written or audio or videotaped confession
Gudjonsson-false confessions
4 factors that inc the likelihood of a false confession:
1. the suspect: more likely from very young,very old, low IQ, mental health issues
2. the arrest: when arrested at night, suddenly or violently or interrogated for long periods at night
3. mental state: more likely when suspect is stressed, anxious, ill or intoxicated
4. the interrogation: coercive, biased or leading interview tactics
e.g Birmingham 6 confessed to IRA bombing and imprisoned for 16 years until found to have given false confession.
Usefulness- Gudjonsson suggestibility scales
PEACE model of interviewing
can be used for witness or suspects:
-preparation and planning- have a record of what is already known based on evidence gathered so far about the interviewee and the crime and consider potential problems such as if the witness is vulnerable
-engage and explain- establish a rapport with the witness and explain the purpose of the interview
-account, clarification,challenge- allow the witness to give their own account first without interruption, then ask further probing questions. if the answers conflict with known info, you should challenge them and identify inconsistencies or lies
-closure- ensure rapport is still there, close the interview by giving the witness a way of contacting officers again if they remember anything else
-evaluation-review all the info gathered from the interview, what was learned and check for any inconsistencies that were not followed up in the interview
mann- lie detection techniques
99 kent police officers (24 females, 75 males, mainly detectives some traffic officers)
saw video clips taken from 14 real police interviews- 9 the truth or not of the suspect was known.
asked to judge if the suspect was telling the truth or lying and rate their confidence and explain what cues they had used to detect the lies
-the police officers ability to detect lies and the truth were significantly better than chance (accuracy 66%)
- more experienced officers were better
-the cues that led to better accuracy were contradictions in the story rather than those related to body language such as gaze aversion
>police officers should be trained to focus on the story rather than the non-verbal cues + use experienced officers where can
