environmental topic 1- stressors in the environment

Question 1

black and black aim

Answer 1

aircraft noise exposure and residents stress and hypertension
find answers to:
1. is health (related to quality of life) worse chronically exposed to aircraft noise?
2. is long term aircraft noise exposure associated with elevated blood pressure in adults?

Question 2

black and black sample

Answer 2

questionnaire mailed out to 1500 addresses in an area experiencing 50+ aircraft noise events per day
and south pennth 55km away from sydney airport - control group
704 responses of participants aged 15-87

Question 3

black and black method

Answer 3

questionnaire sections:
health- physical functioning, general health, vitality, mental health
hyper tension- medical histories in relation to blood press and cholesterol levels
annoyance from noise- identification of noise sources and rating annoyance from 0-10
other factors- employment, exercise, smoking, alcohol, consumption, demographics as control factors

Question 4

black and black results

Answer 4

residents in the noise affected area had a mean aircraft annoyance score of 6.27 VS control group 1.03
long term aircraft noise exposure was significantly associated with chronic noise stress
scores lower regarding general and mental health for those in noise exposure group and relationship with hyper tension

Question 5

black and black conclusion

Answer 5

there are negative health effects associated with aircraft noise
possible solutions= parallel runways, curfew hours, stress management techniques, loans for noise insulation

Question 6

glass and singer
reasons why noise is stressful

Answer 6

using an independent design, manipulated 3 independent variables: volume, predictability and perceived control
measured the effects of noise including cognitive tasks, including impossible puzzles to measure resilience.
the greatest negative effects on performance occurred when noise was loud/unpredictable/low perceived control

Question 7

kenrick and MacFarlane
temperature

Answer 7

see how drivers responded to being trapped behind car according to temp
sample- 39 male and 36 female drivers age 16-65
green light on for 12s, where a female confederate positioned her car near an intersection and remained stationary and made a turn once the light turned red.
a hidden observer counted the number of horn honks, duration and latency of the first.
findings showed heat increased hostility as there was an inc in horn use and duration

Question 8

lundberg
overcrowding on commuter trains

Answer 8

collected urine samples from male passengers on commuter train in either high or low density.
the more crowded the train, the higher levels of adrenaline in urine, even if seats were still available.
72 min long train- prediction that passengers boarding earlier would experience higher autonomic arousal , however it was found they had lower adrenaline levels because they would be able to choose where and who to sit with which made them feel like they had control over the situation

Question 9

ellis
rational emotive therapy

Answer 9

irrational thoughts can sometimes cause stressors to become worse inc awfulising, cant stand its, musterbating
emotion focused strategy to deal with environmental stressors:
A- activating event
B- beliefs
C- consequences
the aim is to add D and E to the stressor situation
D- disputing (questioning the irrational beliefs)
E- effects of this disputing ( techniques to deal with stressor in future)