psychological perspectives Flashcards
classical conditioning
learning by association
e.g Pavlov’s dogs
pavlos dogs
pavlos noticed his dogs would salivate everytime they saw food
he began to ring a bell everytime he gave them food
he repeated this so dogs would associate the sound of the bell with food
they started to salivate when they heard the sound of the bell
aversion therapy and how it applies to classical conditioning
psychotherapy designed to cause a patient to reduce or avoid an undesirable behaviour pattern by conditioning the person to associate the behaviour with an undesirable stimulus
operant conditioning
learning from the consequences of our behaviour
positive reinforcement
behaviour is encouraged through rewards
positive punishment
discouraging the behaviour by adding a negative consequence
negative punishment
discouraging behaviour by removing something desirable
social learning theory
learning through observation and imitation
strengths of the behaviourist perspective
is ethical
applies to a lot of people
can explain why people act in a certain way
weaknesses of the behaviourist perspective
doesnt consider people born with mental or physical conditions
4 defining principles of the psychodynamic perspective
unconscious processes, psychodynamic conflict, emotional drives, development.
unconscious processes
many important influences on behaviour come from a part of the mind we have no direct awareness from
psychodynamic conflict
diff parts of the mind are in constant dynamic struggle with each other (often unconsciously) and the consequences of this struggle are important in understanding behaviour
emotional drives
freud believed behaviour is motivated by sexual and aggressive drives. the drive creates psychic energy that will build up and create tension and anxiety if it cannot be released in some form
development
personality is shaped by relationships, experience and conflict over time, particularly during childhood
